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The retirement of John Paul Stevens, the
Supreme Court's leading liberal but a justice who also could find
conservative allies, will set off an election-year political battle
over President Barack Obama's second high court pick.


      Stevens said Friday he will step down when the court finishes
its work for the summer in late June or early July. He said he
hopes his successor will be confirmed "well in advance of the
commencement of the court's next term." 


Obama hailed Stevens as an
"impartial guardian of the law" and promised to move quickly to
nominate a replacement.


      "We cannot replace Justice Stevens' experience or wisdom,"
Obama said at the White House after returning from a nuclear
treaty-signing trip to Prague. "I'll seek someone in the coming
weeks with similar qualities: an independent mind, a record of
excellence and integrity, a fierce dedication to the rule of law
and a keen understanding of how the law affects the daily lives of
the American people. It will also be someone who, like Justice
Stevens, knows that in democracy powerful interests must not be
allowed to drown out the voices of ordinary citizens."

      Stevens is leaving ample time for the White House to settle on a
successor and for Senate Democrats, who control a 59-vote majority,
to hold confirmation hearings and a vote before the court's next
term begins in October. Republicans have not ruled out attempts to
delay confirmation.


      Stevens' announcement, which came 11 days before his 90th
birthday, had been hinted at for months. It's presumed Obama will
nominate another liberal, so the departure won't alter the court's
philosophical makeup.

      Leading candidates to replace Stevens include Solicitor General
Elena Kagan, 49, and federal appellate judges Merrick Garland, 57,
in Washington and Diane Wood, 59, in Chicago.


      Others who might be considered include two Democratic governors,
Jennifer Granholm of Michigan and Deval Patrick of Massachusetts,
and State Department legal adviser Harold Koh.


      Stevens was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975, and
throughout his tenure he usually sided with the court's liberal
bloc in the most contentious cases - those involving abortion,
criminal law, civil rights and church-state relations. 


He led the
dissenters as well in the case of Bush v. Gore that sealed
President George W. Bush's election in 2000.

      Stevens began signaling a possible retirement last summer when
he hired just one of his usual complement of four law clerks for
the next court term. He had acknowledged in several interviews that
he was contemplating stepping down and would certainly do so during
Obama's presidency.


      Chief Justice John Roberts said in a written statement that
Stevens "has enriched the lives of everyone at the Court through
his intellect, independence, and warm grace."
      


Senate confirmations of Supreme Court justices have increasingly
become political battles and this one will come amid the added heat
of congressional election campaigns.


      Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., chairman of the Senate Judiciary
Committee, appealed for civility. 


"I hope that senators on both
sides of the aisle will make this process a thoughtful and civil
discourse," Leahy said.


      Looking toward those hearings, Senate Republican Leader Mitch
McConnell of Kentucky said, "Americans can expect Senate
Republicans to make a sustained and vigorous case for judicial
restraint and the fundamental importance of an evenhanded reading
of the law."

      In a telephone interview, Leahy said he had suggested to Obama
that "the wisest move" would be to plan confirmation hearings on
the same midsummer schedule used for the nominations of Roberts and
Justice Sonia Sotomayor. Democrats have an incentive to seat
another justice before the November elections, in case Republican
Senate victories make confirmation more difficult after that.


      Leahy said Stevens gave him a heads-up on his retirement plans a
few weeks ago. 


"I told him at the time I'd like to have him stay
forever," Leahy said.


      Stevens officially informed Obama in a one-paragraph letter
addressed to "My dear Mr. President." It was delivered to the
White House by court messenger at 10:30 a.m. EDT on a day when the
court wasn't in session.


      White House counsel Bob Bauer telephoned the news to Obama
aboard Air Force One, as he returned from the trip to Prague.


      Stevens' departure will not change the court's
conservative-liberal split because Obama is certain to name a
liberal-leaning replacement, as he did with his first nominee,
Sotomayor. But the new justice is not likely to be able to match
Stevens' ability to marshal narrow majorities in big cases.

      Stevens was able to draw the support of the court's swing votes,
now-retired Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Justice Anthony
Kennedy, to rein in or block some Bush administration policies,
including the detention of suspected terrorists following the Sept.
11, 2001, attacks, its tilt toward protecting businesses from some
lawsuits and its refusal to act against global warming.

      But after the arrival of Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito,
President George W. Bush's appointees, Stevens more often was among
the four liberal justices in dissent.
     


 Stevens' recent dissent in a major case involving campaign
finance laws showed both the eloquence of his writing and, in his
stumbling reading of his opinion in the courtroom, signs that his
age might at long last be affecting him, though he remains an
active tennis player and swimmer.


      He is the court's last World War II veteran and that experience
sometimes finds its way into his writings, recently in a reference
to Tokyo Rose, the English-speaking Japanese radio announcer who
addressed U.S. soldiers in the Pacific.

      His friendly manner of questioning lawyers who appeared before
the court could not hide Stevens' keen mind. His questions often
zero in on the most telling weaknesses of a lawyer's argument and
the case's practical effect on everyday people.
     


 A pleasant, unassuming man, Stevens has been a prolific and
lucid writer. For many years, he wrote more opinions each court
term than any other justice.


      Most justices let their law clerks write the first drafts of
opinions, but Stevens has used his clerks as editors.  He'd write the first draft and submit it to the clerks for
comment. 


"That's when the real fun begins," Stevens once told a
visitor. "The give and take can get pretty fierce."


      His opinions have reflected his personal writing style - a
conversational one that contrasted sharply with the dry, dull
efforts of some other justices.


      A member of a prominent and wealthy Chicago family, Stevens
spoke proudly of being a Cubs fan who was at Wrigley Field for the
1932 World Series game when Babe Ruth supposedly pointed to the
spot where he would hit a home run. He met many celebrities of the
day when they stayed at his family's hotel in Chicago, including
aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart.

      Stevens graduated from the University of Chicago. After serving
in the Navy during World War II, he earned a law degree from
Northwestern University, finishing first in his class. He later
taught antitrust law at both schools.

      In 1979, Stevens became only the second justice to divorce while
serving on the court. Stevens and his first wife, Elizabeth Jane
Sheeren, had four children. He later married a former Chicago
neighbor, Maryan Mulholland Simon.


      An avid bridge and tennis player, Stevens also is a licensed
pilot. From autumn through spring, he and his wife routinely travel
to his condominium in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
     

 "I lead an average life, just like anybody else," Stevens once
told an acquaintance. "I play bridge, play tennis, try to play
better golf. I'm very comfortable here."


      Even in his late 80s, Stevens said he swam every day and
continued playing tennis several times a week. He described reading
legal briefs on the beach, noting his colleagues' jealousy when in
court one day he opened a brief and grains of sand spilled out.
      

Gallery

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Politics and Government News

President Obama hailed retiring Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens as an
"impartial guardian of the law" and promised to move quickly to
nominate a replacement.

Obama promises quick court replacement for Stevens

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