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Attorney General Eric Holder said
Tuesday that federal authorities have opened criminal and civil
investigations into the nation's worst oil spill, and BP lost
billions in market value when shares dropped in the first trading
day since the company failed yet again to plug the gusher.

      Investors presumably realized the best chance to stop the leak
was months away and there was no end in sight to the cleanup. As BP
settled in for the long-term, Holder announced the criminal probe,
though he would not specify the companies or individuals that might
be targeted.

      "We will closely examine the actions of those involved in the
spill. If we find evidence of illegal behavior, we will be
extremely forceful in our response," Holder said in New Orleans.


      With the ambitious "top kill" abandoned over the weekend, BP's
hope to stanch the leak lies with two relief wells that won't be
finished until at least August. The company is, however, trying
another risky temporary fix to contain the oil and siphon it to the
surface by sawing through the leaking pipe and putting a cap over
the spill.

      Coast Guard Adm. Thad Allen, the national incident commander,
said Tuesday that BP was making its first major cut with super
shears that weigh 46,000 pounds and resemble a giant garden tool.

The company will also use a powerful diamond-edged cutter the
resembles a deli slicer to try to make a clean cut above the
blowout preventer, then will lower a cap over it with a rubber
seal.

      After several failed attempts to divert or block the well, BP's
latest attempt involves cutting the broken riser pipe, making it
spew as much as 20 percent more oil into the water for days while
engineers try to position a cap over the opening.
    

  Eric Smith, an associate director of the Tulane Energy
Institute, said the strategy had about a 50 to 70 percent chance to
succeed. He likened it to trying to place a tiny cap on a fire
hydrant.
    

  "Will they have enough weight to overcome the force of the
flow?" he said. "It could create a lot of turbulence, but I do
think they'll have enough weight."
    

  BP Chief Operating Officer Doug Suttles said there was no
guarantee the cut-and-cap effort would work. He did say the company
has learned from past efforts to contain the leak, which gives them
a better shot at success.
    

  "I'm very hopeful," Suttles said. "I think we'll find out
over the next couple of days."
   


   The cleanup, relief wells and temporary fixes were being watched
closely by President Barack Obama's administration.
   

   The president gave the leaders of an independent commission
investigating the spill orders to thoroughly examine the disaster
and its causes, and to follow the facts wherever they lead, without
fear or favor.
    


  The president said that if laws are insufficient, they'll be
changed. He said that if government oversight wasn't tough enough,
that will change, too.
     


 Meanwhile, BP spokesman Graham MacEwen said the company was
awaiting analysis of water samples taken in the Gulf before making
a final determination on whether huge plumes of oil are suspended
underwater. CEO Tony Hayward said Sunday there was "no evidence"
of the plumes even though several scientists have made the claims.
     

 Billy Nungesser, president of Plaquemines Parish, fired back at
Hayward.


      "We ought to take him offshore and dunk him 10 feet underwater
and pull him up and ask him 'What's that all over your face?'"
said Nungesser.


      On the business side of things, the company's share price, which
has fallen steadily since the start of the disaster, took a turn
for the worse Tuesday, losing 15 percent to $6.13 in early
afternoon trading on the London Stock Exchange.
    


  That was the lowest level in more than a year. The shares have
now lost more than a third of their value, wiping some $63 billion
off BP's value, since the explosion at the Deepwater Horizon oil
rig six weeks ago.

      BP said early Tuesday it had spent $990 million so far on
fighting and cleaning the spill, with multiple lawsuits for damages
yet to be tallied.

      The Coast Guard also announced that it was replacing the admiral
who has been the federal on-scene coordinator since the oil rig
exploded, though the agency said the change was previously planned.

Rear Adm. Mary Landry will now return to duties as commandant of
the 8th Coast Guard District in New Orleans to focus on hurricane
season preparations.

      BP failed to plug the leak Saturday after several attempts with
its top kill, which shot mud and pieces of rubber into the well but
couldn't beat back the pressure of the oil.
    

  The spill has already leaked between 20 million and 44 million
gallons, according to government estimates.
    


  The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration also
announced that almost one-third of federal waters - or nearly
76,000 square miles - in the Gulf were closing to commercial and
recreational fishing because of the spill.
    


  The relief well is the best chance to stop the leak. A bore hole
must precisely intersect the damaged well, which experts have
compared to hitting a target the size of a dinner plate more than
two miles into the earth. If it misses, BP will have to back up its
drill, plug the hole it just created, and try again.

      "The probability of them hitting it on the very first shot is
virtually nil," said David Rensink, incoming president of the
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, who spent most of his
39 years in the oil industry in offshore exploration. "If they get
it on the first three or four shots they'd be very lucky."

      The trial-and-error process could take weeks, but it will
eventually work, scientists and BP said. Then engineers will then
pump mud and cement through pipes to ultimately seal the well.
    


  On the slim chance the relief well doesn't work, scientists
weren't sure exactly how much - or how long - the oil would flow.

The gusher would continue until the well bore hole collapsed or
pressure in the reservoir dropped to a point where oil was no
longer pushed to the surface, said Tad Patzek, chair of the
Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering Department at the University
of Texas-Austin.
     

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