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Sunday's election in Brazil will be one of the most-watched in Latin America, as two polar ideological opposites fight for the presidency in the world's fourth-largest democracy.

On the right is current President Jair Bolsonaro, a brash nationalist widely criticized for 

 and casting doubts on the country's electoral system in the run-up to election day.

He faces a tough fight from a former president and one of Latin America's most revered leftists, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Lula, as he is affectionately

known, has led with more than 10 points ahead of Bolsonaro 

. But he has to overcome voter skepticism after major corruption scandals during his two terms in office landed him in jail.

, but all eyes are on Bolsonaro and da Silva. While Bolsonaro's numbers were 

, most polls show him stuck in the low 30th percentile of voter preference. Many Brazilians are unhappy with the 67-year-old incumbent's governing. A survey in mid-September 

 showed 44% of those polled said they disapprove of the job the president is doing.

A win by da Silva would be a stunning political comeback. The

former metalworker led Brazil from 2003 to 2010. He expanded social welfare programs that helped 

, during a time of economic growth and a boom in commodity prices. Leaving office, da Silva was widely regarded as 

 in the world. But in 2017, he was caught up in a sweeping corruption investigation, dubbed Operation Car Wash, that led to his imprisonment the following year. Da Silva has always maintained his innocence, and was released in 2019 after spending 580 days in prison. His 

. It has struggled to emerge from global economic turmoil stoked by fallout from the pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Economic problems, high inflation and discontent over inequality and corruption have led to a shift to the left in other countries in the region, including 

The economy will be the toughest post-election challenge. Bolsonaro boasted at the United Nations recently that Brazil's economy 

economic growth is lackluster and inflation is hurting the poor. Political Scientist Guilherme Casarões 

 Brazil's electorate is highly polarized now after four years of Bolsonaro's presidency and hard-right rhetoric. The president insists he is the defender of family values, winning him support from a growing population of 

 and mask mandates during the pandemic. And through executive orders, he not only 

 but severely eliminated environmental protections in the Amazon.

What's at stake for the region — and the rest of the world

Bolsonaro's support for agribusiness and disdain of environmental advocates have led to much weakening of Brazil's protection of the Amazon. During his presidency, deforestation in the world's most biodiverse forest 

 skyrocketed. The Amazon rainforest, one of the most important carbon absorbers for the planet, is now releasing more of that carbon into the atmosphere. Some scientists say without stiffer protections, the Amazon could reach a point of no return and irreversible environmental damage. Bolsonaro, who jokes about his moniker "Captain Chainsaw," claims that many fires were deliberately set solely to discredit him. Under da Silva, 

Bolsonaro's assault on democratic institutions has escalated in the run-up to the election too. He has spent more than a year prepping his devout base for a possible vote steal, very similar to the false claims made by former President Donald Trump, a big hero of the Brazilian leader.

Fears of violence if Bolsonaro doesn't accept the results

Despite trailing in the polls, Bolsonaro insists 

 outright on election day, and avoid a second round run-off. He has long claimed that if he doesn't, it would only be because of widespread voter fraud — just as he alleged, without providing proof, in 2018. Like Trump, Bolsonaro falsely claims that his country's electronic voting machines are easily susceptible to tampering. As a former army captain, he remains close to the military, which he has said should monitor the election. Recently, Bolsonaro appeared to cool his rhetoric, while also maneuvering a deal for the military to monitor a sampling of voting machines on election day. Brazil has used electronic voting machines in its elections since 1996 and has never registered any significant fraud.

Polls are open from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sunday Brasília time (7 a.m.-4 p.m. ET). Congressional and gubernatorial 

 be taking place. Results could come out as early as 9 p.m. in Brasília, thanks to the speed of the electronic voting system. If no one wins more than 50% of the vote, the two top candidates will go to a second round on Oct. 30.  

International

Carrie Kahn

Author

As one of the world's largest democracies heads to the polls on Sunday, here are the main candidates and issues in the Brazilian election.

What you need to know about Brazil's presidential election

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