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Two years ago, Samah Abou Shhadeh graduated from college and landed a coveted job as an economist at an Israeli financial services company in a skyscraper in downtown Tel Aviv.

“I was the first Arab to come to this company, with all Jewish colleagues. I felt like I had to work extra hard,” she tells NPR.

She commuted daily from her home in Jaffa, an ancient Arab quarter of what is now Tel Aviv, where her family has lived for centuries. At work, she kept her head down, and avoided talk about politics. Instead, she’d regale her colleagues with talk about her upcoming wedding.  

“All of them were my friends, before the war,” she says. 

Hamas militants attacked multiple locations in Israel, killing around 1,200 people and kidnapping about 240

according to the Israeli government. Israel has responded with fierce bombardment of Gaza that has killed more than 12,000, Palestinian health officials say.

Colleagues began sharing grief and rage on social media, Abou Shhadeh recalls. But when she did the same, there were big consequences. 

On Oct. 9, she shared a clip on Instagram from a 2022 Israeli documentary 

.” It’s about a massacre in one Palestinian village during the 1948 war over Israel’s founding. She posted the footage, without any commentary of her own. This was on her personal account. 

Her manager phoned her the next day. Colleagues were offended. He asked her to remove the clip. Abou Shhadeh refused — and a letter from

At least 20 percent of Israelis identify as Arab or Palestinian, like Abou Shhadeh. 

 of the people who weren’t killed, expelled or compelled to flee when Israel was created. 

Many say they’ve long felt like second-class citizens. But human rights advocates say this Gaza war has unleashed a wave of mistreatment, abuse and further discrimination. 

This month, three Palestinian doctors in Israel penned 

 decrying “racism, militarism and hypocrisy” in the Israeli medical system, where they say their Jewish colleagues have been “cheering for the killing of innocent Palestinian civilians.”

Abou Shhadeh is mulling a labor discrimination lawsuit, but she’s scared. She asked NPR not to name or contact her company. She’s worried it could hurt her prospects of finding a new job. 

In the HR letter outlining her dismissal, which Abou Shhahdeh showed to NPR, the company says it supports freedom of expression, but that during wartime, more sensitivity is expected from employees. Abou Shhadeh crossed a line, it reads. 

“This is all absurd. We are not talking about feelings that are hurt,” says Sawsan Zaher, a human rights lawyer based in Haifa, Israel. “We are talking about a massive wave of political persecution against Arab citizens inside of Israel.”

One lawyer reports huge uptick in discrimination complaints

Zaher, who does not know or represent Abou Shhadeh, says she’s getting 20 times more queries from Arabs reporting labor abuse inside Israel compared to before the war. 

“Every phone call is people who are being fired from their jobs or suspended from colleges and universities,” she said. “But they’re also being arrested, and indictments are being submitted.”

. But data are difficult to compile. Many victims say they’re scared to speak up.

One of those arrested and released this month was Haneen Zoabi, a former member of Israel’s parliament. She’s part of Balad, an Arab political party that advocates for the rights of Palestinian citizens of Israel.

On Nov. 9, Zoabi and five colleagues gathered in a public square in her hometown of Nazareth, in northern Israel, for what they had planned as a peaceful protest, she recalled

in an interview with NPR at her home. They’d applied for a permit to protest, but police turned it down. They gathered anyway, with

banners that read, “Stop Genocide” and “Stop the war in Gaza.” 

But before they could even unfurl their banners, 

police came and arrested Zoabi and her colleagues

“We didn’t have the time to hold the banners! We were on our way. We were six people, and the police didn’t allow us — without banners, without anything — even to stand — to stand in the middle of Nazareth,” she said.

Zoabi was arrested for alleged “incitement” and for attempting to protest without a permit, a Nazareth police spokesperson confirmed to NPR. As of early November, Israeli police had issued dozens of indictments for incitement to violence and terror, and had opened dozens of other such cases, since the beginning of the war, 

” Police haven't made more up-to-date data public. 

New law and new attitudes bring chilling effect

Authorities haven’t broken down those arrests by ethnicity, but Palestinian citizens of Israel say they’ve been disproportionately targeted.

Palestinians also have been arrested under an amendment added earlier this month to Israel’s counterterrorism law, making “consumption of terrorist materials” — reading pro-Hamas content online, for example — a new criminal offense. The law has been criticized 

by rights groups groups including Article 19

Adalah as being ambiguous and far-reaching.

 “one of the most intrusive and draconian” legislative measures ever passed by the Israeli Knesset. 

“It makes thoughts subject to criminal punishment ... and criminalizes even passive social media use,” the group says. 

Zoabi is a prominent Israeli dissident who’s been detained for protesting before. But she says this time was different. She says Israeli police officers sang Jewish victory songs and waved an Israeli flag while booking her. 

A police spokesperson told NPR he did not know anything about that behavior.  

Arrests like Zoabi’s aim to further frighten and intimidate the Palestinian community, she says. Many are appalled by their government’s bombardment of Gaza, but are scared to speak up, she says. 

“If you don’t open your mouth, they will start to say, ‘Your silence is suspicious!’ Zoabi says. “It is not enough if you shut your mouth. You should express that you agree with them, that you identify with them.”  

Activists call for Israeli-Palestinian partnerships

Even those determined not to stay silent have to tread carefully. 

In a barn off a rural road in northern Israel, Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel gathered together one recent evening to paint peace banners. The idea is to hang them from highway overpasses together. 

The painters are members of grassroots group called 

, which says it aims to bring Jewish and Palestinian citizens together “in pursuit of peace, equality, and social and climate justice.”

At the gathering NPR attended, participants decried what they called increasing censorship of Palestinians in Israel, and of those who support them. 

“There’s a lot of discrimination. People are starting to tell on other people if they’re criticizing the war or if they’re even sympathizing with the pain of the Palestinians in Gaza,” says Orly Mor, a Jewish dual American-Israeli citizen and member of the group.

On the banners, Mor and her friends were painting slogans — in Arabic and Hebrew — calling for Palestinians and Jewish Israelis to join hands and support each other in this war. 

For Abou Shhadeh, the economist in Tel Aviv, a simple social media post cost her a job.

She worries that taking legal action against her former employer might hurt her prospects for a new job — which she desperately needs. She and her fiancée have a mortgage to pay. They were supposed to get married this month, but the wedding is delayed because of the war. 

Before Oct. 7, Abou Shhadeh marveled at how she could live in Tel Aviv's old Arab quarter Jaffa and commute across town to the city's mostly Jewish financial district. She was part of both of those worlds, and she was proud, she recalls.

“Now, this war has made me feel like I never belonged there,” she says, gesturing across to the Tel Aviv skyline.

Local freelance producer Abed Abou Shhadeh contributed to this report. He and Samah Abou Shhadeh are members of the same extended family.  

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Lauren Frayer

At least 20 percent of Israelis identify as Arab or Palestinian. Many say they have long felt like second-class citizens. The current war has worsened their position in the country, they say. 

Palestinians in Israel cite threats, firings and discrimination after Oct. 7

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