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College students are trickling back onto campuses for the fall semester just months after 

protests exploded across the U.S. over Israel's war in Gaza

bracing for more protests and counterprotests this semester

, and on some campuses, new rules have already taken effect, including:

To some, these new guidelines are a welcome change.

"I appreciate the clarity provided by the administration … regarding how they will support all students to ensure they can be on campus and express their whole selves without fear of intimidation and threats, including Jewish students," Rabbi Adam Naftalin-Kelman told NPR member station KQED last week. He is the executive director of Berkeley Hillel, a Jewish organization on the UC Berkeley campus.

Meanwhile, others in the UC system are concerned about how these rules will be enforced and whether they will impede free speech, including Benjamin Lynch, a researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles and a pro-Palestinian activist.

"This is going to be like trying to enforce jaywalking or something," he said. "It's only ever going to be used against specific people to politically target, you know, anyone critical of the administration."

School is back in session, and the line between providing campus security and allowing for free speech is still extremely thin.

NPR spoke to Vanderbilt University Chancellor Daniel Diermeier to better understand how university leaders are thinking through this tension.

Last spring, three Vanderbilt students were expelled for their role in a pro-Palestinian demonstration on campus, which was one of the most severe consequences a university took during the protests. Diermeier says that was the right thing to do.

"We have a clear commitment at Vanderbilt for free speech and civil discourse, and for most of the time during last year, our students did a great job," he said. "But we had one incident when our main building was closed. Students forced entrance into the building — they injured one of our security guards. And we told them throughout this process when they were occupying that they would be subject to student discipline."

Diermeier said rather than make him think differently about the approach, the events of last spring reaffirmed his commitment to Vanderbilt's rules. He broke them down into three categories:

On the last point, NPR asked Diermeier whether neutrality meant silence when it came to the war in Gaza. He said neutrality means university leadership refrains from taking positions, but it doesn't restrict students or faculty from engaging in debates.

"As a matter of fact, we believe that by exercising such restraints, we're creating an environment that further encourages discussion and debate so that people are not worried about a party line," he said. "Another way to say this is the job of a university is to encourage debates, not to settle them."

Diermeier began his tenure as Vanderbilt chancellor on July 1, 2020, and Vanderbilt's Board of Trust just extended his contract through 2035.

He said when it comes to charged issues, it is important for a university to define the environment and the values that support free speech — something Vanderbilt has been doing with first-year students coming onto campus in the last week.

"We had a long discussion about that. They get it. What we cannot have is lawlessness on campus when students break the rules intentionally," he said. "They may disagree with the specifics of it and whether that should be the consequence or this should be the consequence, but that's why you have a disciplinary process that's applied in a consistent fashion."

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School is back in session, and the line between providing campus security and allowing for free speech is still extremely thin.


'Institutional neutrality': How one university walks a fine line on Gaza protests

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