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Black Friday shoppers fought for parking spots and traveled cross-state to their favorite malls, kicking off a shortened shopping season that intensified the mad scramble between Thanksgiving and Christmas.

The shopping season is the shortest since 2013 because Thanksgiving fell on the last Thursday in November — the latest possible date it could be. That means customers will have less time to shop and retailers will have less time to woo them.

Shoppers up since the wee hours slept in chairs and slumped against shopping bags at Nashville's Opry Mills mall, known for its outlet stores. Outside, deal-seekers were still fighting for parking spots by midmorning.

Haley Wright left Alabama at 4 a.m. to arrive at the Tennessee mall by 7 a.m. She makes the annual trip because she says the stores offer better deals and a more fun environment than the stores back home.

"I let my husband do the online shopping; I do Black Friday," she said.

Adobe Analytics predicts a loss of $1 billion in online revenue from a shortened season. Still, it expects online sales will reach $143.7 billion, up 14.1 percent from last year's holiday season

The National Retail Federation, the nation's largest retail trade group, baked the shorter season into its forecast, but it says the real drivers will be the job market. It forecasts that holiday sales will rise between 3.8 percent and 4.2 percent, an increase from the disappointing 2.1 percent growth in the November and December 2018 period that came well short of the group's prediction.

Last year's holiday sales were hurt by turmoil over the White House trade policy with China and a delay of nearly a month in data collection because of a government shutdown. This year's holiday forecast is above the average holiday sales growth of 3.7 percent over the previous five years.

NRF expects online and other non-store sales, which are included in the total, to increase between 11 percent and 14 percent for the holiday period.

Adobe Analytics said that as of 5 p.m. on Thanksgiving, online sales for the day reached $2.1 billion, representing a 20.2 percent increase from a year ago. Top selling products included MGA Entertainment's LOL Surprise toys and toys tied to the sequel to Disney's "Frozen," according to Adobe. Among the most popular electronics items were Amazon Fire TV, Google Chromecast and air fryers.

"This has been a really good start," said Rod Sides, vice chairman and leader of U.S. retail and distribution practice at Deloitte LLP. "Black Friday isn't as important as it was in the past, but it is still the biggest shopping day. It is the most critical barometer of spending."

Based on reports from his team who were in stores and malls over the past 24 hours. discounters like Target and Wal-Mart drew big crowds for door busters Thursday.

Target reported Friday that 1 million more customers used its app to shop Black Friday deals compared with last year. The discounter said customers bought big ticket items like TVs, Apple iPads and Apple Watches.

In Europe, though, Black Friday drew a backlash from activists, politicians and even consumers who criticized the U.S. shopping phenomenon as capitalism run amok. Climate demonstrators blocked a shopping mall near Paris and gathered in front of Amazon's headquarters to protest overproduction. Workers at Amazon in Germany went on strike for better pay. Some French lawmakers called for banning Black Friday altogether.

Attention in the U.S. shifted Friday to malls, where traffic has been on decline with the increasing popularity of online shopping and a rash of store closings.

Few shoppers were at Newport Centre in Jersey City, New Jersey, when Latoya Robinson walked in at 9:30 a.m.

"It looks empty for Black Friday," said Robinson, a student who lives in New York and planned to stop by Forever 21 and Macy's to shop for herself.

Jill Renslow, senior Vice President at Bloomington, Minnesota-based Mall of America, reported that traffic on Black Friday should exceed the 240,000 count from a year ago. She said many people are coming for the deals of up to 50 percent off but also to check out new stores.

Renslow added that many stores started promoting holiday items earlier than last year because of the shortened season.

More than half of consumers started their holiday shopping early this year, and nearly a quarter of purchases have already been made, according to the annual survey released by the NRF and Prosper Insights & Analytics.

Theodora Hatcher, of New York, said she started holiday shopping two weeks ago, lured by online deals of up to 60 percent at Walmart.com, Amazon and Old Navy.

Still, she arrived at Macy's Herald Square in Manhattan with her son at 6. a.m. on Black Friday, joining a steady stream of shoppers in search of deals from 40 percent to 60 percent on everything from boots to sheets.

As for the shortened calendar, she prefers it.

AP writers Joseph Pisani in Jersey City, New Jersey, and Kimberlee Kruesi in Nashville contributed to this story.

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This year’s holiday shopping season is the shortest since 2013, which means customers will have less time to shop and retailers will have less time to woo them. 

A woman pulls a wagon overflowing with shopping bags.

Black Friday kicks off scramble in a shorter shopping season

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