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By Tom Scheck, Geoff Hing and Dee J. Hall

Based on its own performance measures, the U.S. Postal Service has its work cut out for it before Election Day.

Among the 13 postal districts serving key presidential battleground states, four failed to meet any on-time service goals handling first-class mail between April 1 and June 30, and six districts achieved only one.

USPS performance in key battleground states

The laggards are in, or in parts of, five battleground states — Pennsylvania, Michigan, Florida, Wisconsin and North Carolina — politically competitive blends of urban and rural voters that will likely determine the presidential election. The postal service district serving Arizona, also expected to be a highly competitive state but with voters who typically vote by mail, hit both delivery targets.

Three of the postal districts that missed both targets represent the largest metropolitan areas in their respective states — Philadelphia, Detroit and Milwaukee, Democratic strongholds in states that propelled Donald Trump to victory in 2016.

The 13 districts were not outliers compared to the rest of the country. More than half of the nation’s 67 postal districts failed to meet any first-class mail delivery goals and 23 only met one. And the below-par delivery performance in districts representing parts of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Florida — where the presidential campaigns are spending millions — continues a trend: They have missed targets more often than many other districts across the country since the end of 2016.

District serving eastern Wisconsin rarely hits service targets

Since the end of 2016, the Lakeland postal district has met targets for either the overnight or two-day service standard in only four quarters. This puts Lakeland in the bottom quarter of all districts by this measure. In that same time period, Lakeland's scores for both service standards were below the national score in six quarters.

NOTE: The postal service measures performance by comparing the measured time it takes to deliver a piece of mail with a 

 that's based on where a letter is mailed and its destination. These charts show on-time percentage scores for the overnight and two-day delivery standards of Presort First-Class Mail. The fiscal year 2020 service goals are 96.8 percent for mail assigned an overnight delivery standard and 96.5 percent for mail assigned a two-day standard. The postal service changed its data collection practices in fiscal year 2019. As a result, care should be taken when comparing quarterly scores from fiscal year 2019 onward with previous quarters. SOURCE: 

Any other year, perhaps any other election year, a steady underperformance of mail delivery in swing states would go unnoticed. This year, though, the arcane, unremarkable metrics — Service Performance Management Data — have taken on outsized importance: They may foreshadow the hot spots of a ballot counting controversy on Election Day and the days that follow.  

“I believe it is highly likely that in the November General Election, the absentee ballots of at least tens of thousands of voters will arrive at election offices after Election Day and will not be counted unless the Ballot Receipt Deadline is extended,” wrote Ronald Stroman, the deputy postmaster general of the United States Postal Service from 2011 until June 1, in a recent court filing challenging the Wisconsin deadline for ballot submission.

Democrats, in particular, are worried about on-time mail arrival deadlines in other states, as well. While some allow for mailed ballots to be accepted if postmarked on Election Day, other battleground states — Pennsylvania, Michigan and Florida — require ballots to be in the hands of elections officers on Election Day. Lawyers representing voting rights and civil rights groups are suing to allow ballots to count even if the ballot envelopes are postmarked on Election Day.

APM Reports analyzed performance data made public Monday night by the U.S. Postal Service.

Compared to the same period one year ago and to the first three months of 2020, on-time mail delivery nationally is suffering as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, presenting a worrisome picture of how mail service could be hindered as a rapidly rising number of people choose to steer clear of COVID-19 and vote-by-mail in November.

“When I have people telling me that they're going days without getting mail, that makes me nervous,” said Tina Barton, city clerk for Rochester Hills, Mich. Her anecdotal evidence is confirmed by the data from Detroit’s postal district in the last quarter, which reported the second worst on-time scores in the nation. The on-time delivery of Michigan’s other postal district, which represents the western and northern parts of the state, was also near the bottom in the last quarter. 

Mail delivery in eastern Michigan suffered during the pandemic

The Detroit postal district had performance scores near the bottom of all districts for the most recent quarter. The district has posted scores that met targets in only five quarters since the start of the 2017 fiscal year.

There’s also worry — mostly among Democrats — that on-time delivery could become even worse if U.S. Postmaster General Louis DeJoy’s recent management changes continue. After only three months on the job, he has ended overtime and insisted that trucks leave on time even if mail isn’t fully loaded. The concern is shared by people who study the post office, the head of a union representing 200,000 current and retired postal workers, and voting experts.

“There’s always been a sense that the postal system will be there in a nonpartisan way to deliver the mail,” said Edward B. Foley, election law director at the Moritz College of Law at The Ohio State University. “This is the first time in my experience of studying elections that there’s a genuine fear that the postal system will be manipulated in a subversive way.” 

A spokesperson for the United States Postal Service declined an interview request but issued a statement saying, “The United States Postal Service is committed to fulfilling our role in the electoral process when public policy makers choose to utilize us as a part of their election system.” She also pointed APM Reports to recent remarks by DeJoy where he said delivery standards that have been in place for many years have not changed.

The APM Reports analysis also reinforces anecdotal claims that mail delivery has slowed in some cities. Over the past decade, the consolidation of postal service processing centers now means mail can sometimes travel hours for processing and sorting even if the destination is blocks away from where it was mailed. 

Concerns over mail delivery are coming alarmingly true in Wisconsin, where election officials continue to have problems with ballots not being delivered to voters. Nearly 700 voters in the cities of Milwaukee and Wauwatosa did not receive ballots they requested in late June for Tuesday’s primary.

The previously unreported missing deliveries follow April’s breakdown when thousands of ballots weren’t delivered during the state’s primary.

Wisconsin voters, like those in much of the country, continue to request absentee ballots in record numbers through the mail or in person: 894,786 absentee ballots were issued for the August primary — a nearly 800 percent increase over the number of ballots issued in 2016.  

The U.S. Postal Service says voters should mail their ballots at least a week before Election Day to ensure on-time delivery, and to request their ballots at least a week before that.

But that advice is meaningless if voters can still request mail-in ballots — also known as absentee ballots — within a week of Election Day. Twenty-four states have laws that allow voters to request an absentee ballot during that time, a potential problem for voters who may think they have time to get the ballot in the mail and send it back.

Another batch of missing ballots in Wisconsin

Every three months, the U.S. Postal Service releases data that shows on-time delivery for different classes of mail.

Nationally, the volume of first-class mail delivery has declined by more than 1.6 billion pieces from the previous quarter because of the pandemic, postal officials say. Still, more than 8.3 billion pieces of first-class mail were processed between April 1 and June 30. Of those letters — 7.5 billion — met service performance standards, meaning 800 million were late.

Because the postal service does not publish performance data for election mail, APM Reports analyzed the on-time percentage scores for first-class mail, the type of mail recommended by the postal service for mailed ballots. Reporters then compared the scores with the postal service’s targets, which are based on the source and destination of mail. APM Reports focused on the overnight and two-day delivery standards, which are likely to be applied to mail sent and received locally.

More mailed votes, more rejected votes in Wis.

On-time mail delivery mattered during Wisconsin’s April primary. In addition to the failed delivery of thousands of ballots to voters, 81,000 ballots were delivered after the primary, according to the Wisconsin Election Commission. Of those, 79,054 ballots were only accepted because of a court ruling.

And while the pandemic may have recently slowed mail delivery across the country, the postal district representing eastern and southern Wisconsin has rarely met targets for on-time mail delivery and has often had scores below the national level since late 2016.  

The recent quarterly performance data, captured during the height of Gov. Tony Evers shutdown order, confirms what thousands of Wisconsin voters learned since the April primary: The postal service does not always meet its own benchmarks. Despite pledges to fix the problems that occurred in April, some ballots are still not being delivered. 

Aliza Werner and her husband, Nick, are regular voters but very cautious about going out in public during the pandemic. The couple from Wauwatosa, Wis., requested absentee ballots June 25 — six weeks before the election — for last Tuesday’s partisan primary.

website operated by the Wisconsin Elections  Commission for the status of their ballots. In June, clerks were able to print barcodes on outgoing ballot mailings that would allow the ballot to be tracked as it traveled through the mail.

“At one point where it said it was in process or was submitted, it was approved, they were preparing it — and it never went beyond that,” Werner recalled.

When ballots didn’t arrive after a month, Werner called the Wauwatosa City Clerk’s Office and was told their ballots had been in a batch that never made it to voters’ homes. 

“(The clerk) said that our ballots have been sent out so on their end, they had fulfilled the request,” Werner said. “The only thing that they could think of was that something happened within the postal service, that they were not mailed to us.”

The couple ordered new ballots, which arrived after a few days. Werner says she dropped them off at Wauwatosa City Hall to make sure they arrived. 

Werner has been voting absentee on and off for years. But she’s now worried about how well Wisconsin will manage the November election. “I know that there are going to be a whole lot more people that are going to be requesting absentee ballots for the elections in November,” she said.

In Wauwatosa, less than 10 miles west of downtown Milwaukee, a spokesperson confirmed that 421 ballots mailed in late June to residents there were never delivered. Elections officials aren’t sure if the postal service or the city’s mail vendor is at fault. A mail vendor places postage and tracking information on the envelopes for the city. The city clerk canceled the initial ballots and mailed another batch of ballots to the affected voters.

Approximately 270 ballots mailed by the city of Milwaukee on June 29 also went missing. They were accounted for when they were handed over to the vendor, said Claire Woodall-Vogg, director of the Milwaukee Election Commission.  She said they investigated but couldn’t determine the breakdown.

Woodall-Vogg says the affected ballots were canceled and new ballots were sent to voters. In November, the city will hand deliver the ballots to the postal service to ensure there are no problems with a third-party vendor, she said.

Fox Point, Wis., Village Manager Scott Botcher sent out this tweet on April 7, after he went to the local post office repeatedly to mail absentee ballots that were returned to the village. The U.S. Postal Service’s Inspector General found multiple human and technological factors caused delay and misdelivery of about 160 absentee ballots from the village.

The missing ballots in Wauwatosa and Milwaukee come just months after the postal service was criticized for how it handled mail-in ballots during the April primary.

On the day of the primary after the polls closed, the postal service discovered three tubs of ballots at the city’s processing center that were mailed to voters roughly 100 miles outside Milwaukee. Postal service employees also failed to deliver ballots to voters in another Milwaukee suburb and repeatedly returned the mailings without explanation. 

The postal service says it is meeting regularly with elections officials to discuss election mail and ballot design and will take steps to ensure better monitoring of election mail. In addition to the barcodes now added to many outgoing Wisconsin ballots, the state also plans to issue absentee ballot applications to every registered voter to help take the workload off local elections officials and encourage voters to request a ballot sooner.

Wisconsin’s elections are managed by 1,850 municipal election officials and 72 county election officials. It’s considered the most decentralized state for election administration.

Some of those election managers are worried that the problems with mail delivery in the primaries will continue in November. “I’ve been assured by our district manager that they will be doing everything they can to make sure all the mail gets delivered timely,” said Barb Goeckner, an official with the village of Cambridge.

But Goeckner, who chairs a U.S. Elections Assistance Commission subcommittee that discusses election-related postal service issues, said she’s also wary of the recent operational changes enacted by DeJoy that could lead to slower mail delivery.

“Eventually, there’s going to be hiccups along the way. And I have to say that that is a very big concern across the nation for postal mail, and election mail,” she said.

Stroman, in his court filing, warned that Wisconsin’s problems with mailed ballots will continue unless the ballot deadline is changed. “My experience with voting by mail and my extensive work with elections officials leads me to conclude that Wisconsin’s Spring Election is a predictor of what may occur in Wisconsin’s November General Election, absent necessary changes,” he wrote.

Postal service changes could result in mail slowdown

Earlier this month, more than 1.6 million Michigan voters set an Election Day record in the state by returning absentee ballots through the mail, an election drop box or at a clerk’s office for the August 4 primary.

Elections officials predict the record to be broken again in November if worries over the spread of the coronavirus don’t subside. And the avalanche of votes not cast in person has some election officials worrying about delivery problems. 

Pending Postal Service changes could delay mail and deliveries

In Lansing, Mich., mail is processed 65 miles away in Grand Rapids, said Chris Swope, the city clerk. While the consolidation saves money, it can be a problem for voters who wait until the last minute to put their ballot in the mail. “It used to be in Lansing, if you mailed it today, the person in Lansing would get it tomorrow and that’s generally not true anymore,” Swope said.

DeJoy, who was appointed by the USPS Board of Governors in May, says that the post office should not be blamed if state laws allow voters to request and return an absentee ballot that falls outside of the postal service’s guidelines. He also pledged that the postal service could meet the expected demand. 

“Although there will likely be an unprecedented increase in election mail volume due to the pandemic, the postal service has ample capacity to deliver all election mail securely and on time in accordance with our delivery standards, and we will do so,” he said. 

But his push to overhaul the postal service is what troubles Democrats and voting rights groups. Before he was appointed, DeJoy was a major donor to President Donald Trump and the Republican National Committee. The president has repeatedly criticized the postal service and has pushed for higher package fees for Amazon and other shippers. He also repeatedly criticizes by-mail voting.

Critics worry that DeJoy’s attempts to curtail postal service spending is an underhanded attempt to slow down mail delivery during the presidential election. They say it could affect last-minute voters who decide to request an absentee ballot.

“It’s more likely now that we will be impacted by these delays under this new directive than in the past when we were already concerned with delivery standards,” said Tammy Patrick, an elections mail expert and senior adviser to the Democracy Fund.

Patrick says she’s encouraging election managers to set up drop boxes to ensure voters have other options. But they may not be everywhere. For example, Trump’s campaign is suing to prevent the use of drop boxes in Pennsylvania. 

The latest front in voting legal fights

Officials with the unions representing postal service employees say DeJoy’s efforts to curtail overtime will slow down the delivery of by-mail ballots. “It's not going to undermine the integrity of the ballot, the safety of the ballot or the privacy of the ballot,” said Mark Dimonstein, president of the American Postal Workers Union. “But it's certainly going to make it more challenging for the states who run elections.”

Some voting rights groups aren’t taking any chances. A voting rights advocate in North Carolina says she’s worried about her state’s lack of experience with by-mail voting along with worries over delays in mail delivery. She’s telling voters to avoid by-mail voting and is pushing early voting at nonpeak times to ensure social distancing. 

“Things get lost in the mail,” said Allison Riggs, interim executive director and chief counsel of voting rights at the North Carolina-based Southern Coalition for Social Justice. “And we're suddenly talking about potentially hundreds of thousands of new things to be in the mail.”

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