U.S. economy grows at record pace but still has a long way to go
The U.S. economy grew at a record pace during the last three months, according to the last major economic report before the election.
Not many people are popping champagne corks, though, because the gross domestic product also shrank at a record pace during the previous three months. Despite the strong rebound in July, August and September, the economy has not yet recovered from the damage done by the coronavirus pandemic.
The Commerce Department reported that the economy grew at an annualized pace of 33.1 percent in the third quarter, as businesses reopened following spring lockdowns and as people increased their shopping.
That headline figure overstates the actual growth rate, however, just as the official number for the April to June quarter showing an annualized contraction of 31.4 percent exaggerated the economy's decline.
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Both figures describe what would have happened if quarterly trends had continued for a full year.
But in fact the steep downturn during the spring lasted only about two months, and the rapid turnaround during the summer is already showing signs of losing steam, especially as coronavirus infections surge again in the United States and Europe.
Germany and France imposed temporary lockdowns on Wednesday, sending global markets sharply lower.
Analysts note the economy is still about 3.5 percent smaller than it was at the end of last year, before the once-in-a-lifetime pandemic.
Chief economist Nariman Behravesh of the forecasting firm IHS Markit described the third-quarter growth spurt as a "bounce and fade."
"There was a lot of pent-up demand early," Behravesh said. "Now that's spent itself. And then you've got the rising infection rates which are making everybody very cautious. And then the fact that we haven't had any additional stimulus to help us through this next phase. All of that suggests we're looking at pretty limp numbers going forward."
Moving beyond the annualized figure, however, the economy actually grew about 7.4 percent during July, August and September, after shrinking 1.2 percent in the first three months of the year and another 9 percent in the second quarter.
With just five days before the presidential election, the Trump administration has seized on the GDP numbers as evidence that the economy is rapidly healing, despite a rising number of new COVID-19 infections.
"This is a strong, V-shaped recovery," White House economic adviser Larry Kudlow told CNBC earlier this week, before the official release. "The third quarter is going to be very positive, no question about that."
Independent forecasters are less bullish. While unemployment has declined from its springtime peak, only about half the 22 million jobs that were lost in March and April have been recovered.
"It's a very, very uneven distribution of the pain and the benefits from this recovery," Behravesh said. "There are a lot of jobs in tourism, for example, which we may not get back for five [or] 10 years."
Much of the GDP growth attributed to the third quarter actually came late in the second quarter. Job gains peaked in June and have declined in each of the three months since.
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