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Amazon warehouse workers in Alabama will not be forming a union.

The vast majority of votes cast by Amazon's workers in Bessemer, Ala., were against joining the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union in a stinging defeat of the union drive. The final tally showed 1,798 votes against unionizing and 738 votes in favor of the union.

That means Amazon has withstood the largest union push yet among its U.S. workers, despite celebrity endorsements, including 

 from President Biden. Building on years of successfully fighting off labor organizing, the company avoided the prospect of its first unionized warehouse in America. 

The retail union is now filing a legal challenge to the election and charges of unfair labor practices against Amazon. It's requesting a hearing by the National Labor Relations Board, "to determine if the results of the election should be set aside because conduct by the employer created an atmosphere of confusion, coercion and/or fear of reprisals and thus interfered with the employees' freedom of choice."

Amazon on Friday rejected the allegations, adding 

: "Amazon didn't win—our employees made the choice to vote against joining a union." Nearly 5,900 people work at Amazon's Bessemer facility, and more than half cast ballots in the election.

The union-push in Bessemer has been the most consequential labor battle in decades. With a ballooning warehouse workforce, Amazon has grown into the second-largest private employer in the U.S., with more than 800,000 employees.

of new inquiries from other Amazon workers across the country. It was the first union election at an Amazon warehouse since 2014, when a small group of technicians in Delaware also 

"We're really seeing how the balance is always tipped in favor of employers," said Rebecca Givan, a labor studies professor at Rutgers University. "Organizing a union under current labor law is extremely challenging — the odds are always stacked against you."

, with lengthy mandatory "information sessions" and flurries of text messages to its workers. The company blanketed the warehouse with its slogan "Do it without dues." The company argued the union was only interested in collecting the workers' hard-earned money in the form of dues, while Amazon paid $15 starting pay far above the local minimum, provided generous healthcare and other benefits

"This particular union can't give us anything that Amazon does not already offer," said LaVonette Stokes, a Bessemer worker who voted against unionizing. "There are a [lot] of people who never have issues."

At first, the Bessemer union push appeared to take Amazon — like much of the country — by surprise. Historically, unions have been a tough sell in southern states like Alabama. Some Bessemer workers quietly reached out to the RWDSU last summer, a few months after the warehouse opened. They described grueling productivity quotas, wanting more say in how people at Amazon work, get disciplined or get fired.

 for essential workers. Many workers pointed out the immense wealth of both Amazon, whose 

 during the lockdowns, and CEO Jeff Bezos, one of the 

The RWDSU mobilized an organizing support system: unionized workers around the region, many from poultry plants. Within months, more than half of Amazon staff at the Bessemer warehouse 

 saying they want a union shop, prompting federal labor authorities to 

Several controversies bubbled up around the election, and they will likely factor in the union's pending legal challenges.

A key one was over a new mailbox that Amazon says was installed by the U.S. Postal Service to make voting "convenient, safe and private." But the mailbox placement inside an Amazon tent right by the warehouse prompted many workers to wonder whether the company was trying to monitor the vote. The retail union has argued Amazon's 

 tainted the vote and went against NLRB's directives.

Another controversy was over the timing of the red light outside the warehouse, which was shortened by 

 at Amazon's request in December. Was it to relieve traffic jams or to stop organizers from talking to workers in their cars? Amazon said it was common practice for shift changes and peak holiday season.

The union push in Bessemer had gathered attention of sports stars, 

, a group of House Democrats and longtime Amazon critic Sen. Bernie Sanders came to visit. Black Lives Matter 

stood in solidarity. Endorsements arrived from politicians, including Republican Sen. 

The result might prompt Biden and other U.S. officials to revisit the laws that give big advantages to employers, including the freedom "to bombard their employees with anti-union messages," said labor professor Givan.

 Amazon is among NPR's recent financial supporters.

Business and Economic News

Alina Selyukh

Author

Amazon avoided the prospect of a first unionized warehouse in America, where it's now the second-largest private employer. The vote in Alabama had prompted new interest in unions across the country.

It's a no: Amazon warehouse workers vote against unionizing in historic election

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