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More than half of Black and Latina women in Los Angeles who participated in a new study regularly used personal-care products containing a known carcinogen.

Study participants photographed the ingredient lists of all the products they used at home over the course of a week. The journal 

Environmental Science & Technology Letters 

Of 64 women, researchers found that 53 percent reported using soap, lotion, shampoo, conditioner, skin lightener, eyeliner, eyelash glue and other beauty products that contained formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives — toxins found to 

"It's really concerning that we are intentionally putting chemicals that release a carcinogen into our products that we apply to ourselves every day," said lead author 

, a Massachusetts nonprofit studying environmental causes of breast cancer.

"Formaldehyde is a great preservative," she said. "That's why it's used as an embalming fluid. And we do have to remember formaldehyde is a carcinogen."

The study is among the first to demonstrate that formaldehyde-releasing preservatives are present in a wide range of beauty products.

The research, collected in 2021, focused on Black and Latina women after previous studies showed they are more often exposed to formaldehyde in nail and hair products than white women. Researchers have questioned whether African American women's frequent use of chemical hair straighteners, suspected of containing formaldehyde-releasing agents, might explain why 

In 2023, a dozen years after a federal agency classified formaldehyde a human carcinogen, the 

 to consider banning the chemical in hair straighteners. Two years later, the government still 

The new study shows that formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing products are present not only in hair relaxers but in a wide variety of beauty products, including some that women apply to their bodies far more frequently than chemical hair straighteners.

One study participant used three formaldehyde products: a leave-in conditioner, a rinse-off conditioner and a body wash.

Another participant washed with hand soap with formaldehyde-releasing agents an average of twice a day.

The sheer number of products — 1,143 over seven days — the 64 participants used struck 

, who directs the University of California at San Francisco's 

Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment

. The women in the study used an average of 17 different products a day — as few as 5 and as many as 43.

"It speaks to the pressure women have to look a certain way," said Woodruff, who was not involved with the new research.

Social and economic pressures frequently compel Black women to alter their appearance to conform to white beauty standards, said study co-author 

. She called for government oversight of personal-care products. "We shouldn't have to be chemists to figure out what kinds of products will make us sick," she said. 

"Beauty norms that focus on white presentation definitely are resulting in people using products that can be harmful to their health," Woodruff said. "This is part of the legacy and history of discrimination against the Black and Latinx population." 

Woodruff would have liked the study to also compare product use by white women in an effort to assess whether beauty-product use is contributing to health inequities.

Woodruff and Dodson joined Flint in calling for government oversight and regulation of cosmetics and other personal-care products.

In addition to being a carcinogen, formaldehyde, a colorless and smelly gas, can cause rashes and can sicken those who breathe it in, 

. Formaldehyde-releasing products need not be listed as formaldehyde on ingredient labels. Instead, they are listed by their chemical names, such as DMDM hydantoin, short for 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, which, as Dodson noted, doesn't exactly roll off the tongue. 

The European Union banned formaldehyde as a cosmetic ingredient in 2009, and any cosmetic product containing a formaldehyde-releasing preservative above a miniscule concentration must include a warning. At least 12 states, including 

, have recently proposed or enacted laws to regulate the use of formaldehyde in cosmetics. 

How well the laws will protect consumers remains to be seen. Reports to the California Department of Public Health's 

 do show a tenfold drop in products containing formaldehyde from 2009 to 2022.

"In the very near short term, tomorrow, I think consumers should do the best they can to read product labels," Dodson said. "In the longer term, I think there has to be a regulatory solution. It has to come down to ingredient bans, likely at the state level."

Ronnie Cohen

Author

Soaps, lotions and shampoos were found to have formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives.

Cancer-causing chemicals are in many beauty products women use, a study finds

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