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Anti-Black racism had always bothered John Collins, but he'd never personally done anything about it. 

Stuck at home and furloughed from work because of the pandemic, Collins had time to watch coverage of the protests Floyd's death had set off and to reflect on the nation's history of racial injustice.

"The more you see it the more it boils inside," said Collins, 63, who is white and lives in Central Florida. "And I guess the boiling inside just kind of said, what can you do?"

Collins sympathized with the people marching in the protests, but felt "I'm not that type of person." So instead, he called and wrote his representatives in Congress and asked what they were doing to address racism in the country. He didn't hear back, "but I still thought it was important to do."

As the nation navigates its most consequential racial justice movement in a half a century, people have responded to the calls for action to remedy the country's racist past and present by protesting in the streets or doing something as simple as reading a book about race. But

 finds that these people remain a minority.

Most Mpls. voters see Floyd killing as part of racist policing pattern

Though advocates believe true equality will not be achieved until all Americans are willing to grapple with racism, the survey showed that just 36 percent of Americans said they had taken concrete action to better understand racial issues after George Floyd's killing.

White people were the least likely to have done so, at just 30 percent. That compares with 51 percent of Latinos, 49 percent of Asians, and 41 percent of Black people who answered "Yes" when asked: "Since the death of George Floyd in May, have you personally taken any actions to better understand racial issues in America?"

White Americans were also least likely to report having attended a protest or rally following George Floyd's death. Seven percent said they had, compared with 13 percent of Black Americans, 11 percent of Latinos, and 8 percent of Asian Americans.

These data points, along with others in the poll, offers insight into the extent to which the ongoing protest movement has moved Americans to tackle issues of racial justice or won them over to some of the demands that have emerged from the protests. It found that perceptions, opinions and engagement continue to be split along racial lines, and that deep fissures remain.

"Most Americans acknowledge that there is racism built into American systems," said Ipsos pollster Mallory Newall, but, "at the core there is still a significant gap in willingness to do the work between white Americans and people of color."

The poll found that 58 percent of Americans acknowledge that racism is built into the American economy, government, and education systems. That includes half of white Americans, though they were less likely than any racial group to believe so. 

The poll was conducted from Aug. 20-21 and surveyed 1,186 adults in the continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii.

White Americans were also the least likely to support the Black Lives Matter movement, with 48 percent expressing support. By contrast, 73 percent of Black respondents supported the movement, while 59 percent of Latinos and Asians did.

Among those who said they did not support the movement was Dee Weiler, a white retired neuropsychologist who lives in the mountains of northeast Georgia. 

 "What about the Hispanics? What about the Indians? What about us? The Caucasians?" she asked. "So no, I have a big problem with how the movement is being portrayed and encouraged."

She said she believes the Black Lives Matter movement is divisive, an argument offered up by many conservatives,

including President Donald Trump, who Weiler supports. Weiler also called "ridiculous" one of the demands that has gained traction within the movement: to defund police departments and reallocate money to social service programs.

In Minneapolis, where George Floyd was killed, the 

City Council pledged to disband the police department

 in favor of alternative public safety solutions. Though 

, the council has said it remains committed to the change, and the move has emboldened activists in other cities to push for similar reforms.

Reallocate money from MPD, but keep the department

But the racial divide on that issue is wide, the NPR/Ipsos poll found.

Only 37 percent of white Americans said they support redirecting funding from their police department toward social services.

Among Black Americans, 69 percent were in support, as were two-thirds of Latinos and 58 percent of Asians.

At the same time, white Americans were significantly more optimistic than Black, Latino and Asian Americans that police treatment of Black people will improve. 

Fewer than half of Black respondents said they thought police would start treating Black people better, while nearly three-quarters of white respondents did.

Only a quarter of Mpls. residents favor city’s Police Department

Jay Baptist, a Black 28-year-old graduate student living in West Palm Beach, Fla., said it did not surprise her that white people were more optimistic.

"They don't live in the type of environments that we do. So they don't see what we experience face to face," she said. "So I think that's why they think like that. But if they were to live in our little world, our little bubble, then I really think their eyes would be open to what's actually going to happen."

, seemed to justify their skepticism that police relations with Black Americans will improve. On Friday, the families of many of the Black people killed by police in recent years will lead a march on Washington demanding change.

Crime, Law and Justice

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Conversations around race and racial justice

The murder of George Floyd

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Author

Marisa Peñaloza

The NPR/Ipsos poll also found wide gaps in support for demands that racial justice advocates are making.

As nation reckons with race, poll finds white Americans least engaged

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