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Despite the cascade of other crises this year, climate change has emerged as a key election issue. 

Two-thirds of Americans want the government to do 

about it, and the same share of Biden supporters say it's very 

 to their vote. While not many Trump supporters overall agree, there's more concern among 

The stakes are high as more Americans experience

 heat, wildfires, hurricanes and flooding, and the two candidates could not be further apart. Joe Biden calls climate change an existential threat to our health, economy and national security. President Donald Trump continues to question climate science. 

Visiting fires, Trump denies climate change

Ahead of the last Trump-Biden presidential debate

Trump and Biden's final presidential debate

Where Trump and Biden stand

Here are six takeaways from Trump's first term on climate and energy, and the challenges he or Biden would face if elected.

1)  President Trump's push to boost fossil fuels is out of step with a fast-changing market

Trump doesn't mention coal much these days, a sharp contrast to 2016 when he boasted to crowds that miners should "get ready because you're going to be working your asses off." In fact, coal has continued its 

"We just reached a big milestone," says Mary Anne Hitt of the Sierra Club. "Sixty percent of the coal-fired power plants are now retired, or announced to retire." 

At times, Trump and his administration even tried and failed to save 

A major reason goes back to the Obama presidency, when incentives for wind and solar prompted a lot of construction. Once those facilities are built the fuel is free and coal plants just can't compete. Renewable energy has grown to 17 percent of the country's 

, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 

coal for the first time in over a century. 

As for oil and gas, Trump reversed plans to block construction of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, and expanded federal areas open to drilling.  Production has indeed increased on his watch, though it's a trend that started under President Barack Obama with the rise of fracking for natural gas and the lifting of export restrictions. 

Still, oil and gas companies are feeling the pressure as more 

 announce aggressive moves to decarbonize. Even some oil majors have 

2) U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are not falling fast enough 

Coal's decline has reduced energy emissions, but those from 

 have proved stubborn. And the Trump administration relaxed many climate regulations, including on 

. Overall, though, U.S. greenhouse emissions are going down and that will likely continue.

But scientists say greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced far more dramatically, and soon, to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial temperatures. A landmark 2018

 warned that even going past 1.5 degrees will have 

The next few years will be crucial as a number of fossil fuel projects face uncertain futures, including the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, coal export terminals, and natural gas export facilities. If approved, they will lock the country into decades of additional emissions. 

3) Biden's proposal to make the U.S. carbon neutral by 2050 is ambitious, but maybe not impossible 

 is sweeping. Among his long list of pledges: rejoin the Paris Climate Agreement, conserve large areas of land and water for biodiversity, stop offshore drilling in the Arctic, and massively invest in green energy and infrastructure like wind, solar, high speed trains and electric car chargers. 

Biden says this last part would provide "good paying union jobs that put Americans to work, building a stronger, more climate-resilient nation."

His goals for all this are to zero-out carbon pollution from the electricity sector by 2035, and make the entire U.S. economy carbon neutral by 2050. 

"In the event of a major technological breakthrough, 2035 is possible," says energy law expert Scott Segal, a partner with Bracewell, whose clients include fossil fuel companies. 

Biden's plan relies on technologies that haven't been 

, so it includes a lot of money for research and development.

Segal likes that it leaves room for some fossil fuels with carbon offsets and carbon capture, although that's a sore point with progressives. And he says it's smart to include both regulations and incentives to reduce emissions. "It's a sign of a sort of maturity in approaching these issues," he says.

Of course, the plan also calls for Congress to pass a law enforcing those carbon-neutral goals, which raises the next point.

4) A president can only do so much without action from Congress

The Trump administration has rolled back or weakened dozens of environmental regulations, including those on 

 that requires federal agencies to consider the environmental effects of proposed projects. 

Now, the big question is how many of these will stick. Many have already been struck 

 in legal challenges and are being appealed. Some will no doubt end up in the Supreme Court, which is why the 

 of a sixth conservative justice could affect U.S. climate policy. 

A major challenge is that the country's environmental laws are decades old. Climate change was not a pressing public issue when the Clean Air Act was passed, but the Obama administration pushed a legal interpretation that it applies to carbon emissions. 

An effective and enduring climate policy will require congressional action, which means Biden would likely need a Democratic-controlled Senate.

5) President Trump's second term would likely be more of the same

When asked about climate change at the first presidential debate last month, Trump said, "I want crystal clean water and air. I want beautiful clean air." 

But he condemns climate regulations as bad for jobs and the economy, and continues to dismiss the 

 in fueling extreme weather. "I don't think science knows, actually," he erroneously

told California officials at a recent briefing on record setting wildfires.

Fossil fuel industries have wish lists for a Trump second term. Tom Pyle of the American Energy Alliance wants to overhaul federal offshore oil drilling. He doesn't like drilling bans, like the one Trump recently 

 in a move aimed at Republican led swing states.  

"There's too much politics involved in that process," he says. "We should be leasing areas where it makes economic sense to do so, and we shouldn't have these blanket bans."

Pyle also would like to end special tax benefits for solar and wind. And he wants to 

 the so-called endangerment finding, a key 2007 Supreme Court decision that allows the EPA to regulate carbon dioxide under the Clean Air Act.

6) The pandemic has brought a new focus on climate justice

COVID-19 has exposed racial inequities in health, and environmental justice advocates say air pollution is part of that. Preliminary 

 suggests people exposed to more fine particulate matter — which disproportionately affects low-income communities and people of color — may suffer worse outcomes from the coronavirus.  

That's drawn more scrutiny of the Trump administration's 

 to ease air pollution limits, reduce environmental

 that scientists say is harmful to human health.   

 people dying prematurely from air pollution every year and you're trying to increase that number," says Mustafa Santiago Ali, who left the Environmental Protection Agency after Trump's election and is now with the National Wildlife Federation.

 notes that climate change disproportionately hurts low-income communities of color. Among many other things, it calls for supporting climate lawsuits against polluters and targeting 40 percent of clean energy investments to disadvantaged areas.

Michele Roberts of the Environmental Justice Health Alliance is from Biden's home state of Delaware, and says he was not always an ally. "He was a filibuster for the political economy that was running the great state of Delaware," she says.

But she thinks Biden's views have evolved. If he's elected, she says it will be important to hold him accountable for the promises he's making now. 

Environmental News

Climate

Politics and Government News

Election 2020

Jennifer Ludden

Author

Jeff Brady

Nathan Rott

Despite the cascade of other crises this year, climate change has emerged as a key election issue. The two major-party presidential candidates' positions on it could not be more different.

There's a lot at stake for the climate in the 2020 election

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