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The Federal Reserve left interest rates unchanged Wednesday, but signaled that future rate hikes are still possible if that's what it takes to curb stubborn inflation.

This was the second meeting in a row in which policymakers held rates steady at 5.25 to 5.5 percent, following an aggressive series of increases over the previous year-and-a-half.  

Inflation has fallen significantly since hitting a four-decade high last summer, but 

 than the Fed's target of 2 percent per year. 

Despite the sharp run-up in borrowing costs, consumers are still spending freely on cars, restaurant meals and 

economy grew at an annual pace of 4.9 percent

 in July, August and September, with personal spending driving much of that increase. The Fed noted that “strong” pace of growth in announcing its decision.  

“The economy has been remarkably robust despite the fastest pace of interest rate increases in 40 years,” said Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at Bankrate. “The Fed may feel the need to raise interest rates at some point down the road, simply because the underlying economy is doing as well as it is.”

For now, though, the Fed is content to play wait and see.  That’s partly because the effects of the earlier rate hikes are still being felt. Policymakers said in 

 they would consider “the lags with which monetary policy affects economic activity and inflation” in deciding whether additional rate hikes are necessary. 

The Fed is also monitoring the job market, which has shown remarkable resilience in the face of rising interest rates. Unemployment has been under 4 percent for 20 months in a row. That streak will likely be extended to 21 months when October's jobless rate is reported on Friday.

The tight job market continues to put upward pressure on wages. Employers’  cost for 

 for the twelve months ending in September, the Labor Department reported Tuesday. While that’s a smaller increase than the previous year, it’s likely to keep prices climbing faster than the Fed’s 2 percent target.  

In addition to the Fed’s moves on short-term interest rates, long-term borrowing costs — which are set by the bond market — have also been going up. The average cost of a 30-year home mortgage, for example, is now 

That’s tamped down demand for houses and related items such as furniture and appliances, taking some pressure off the Fed. 

“The rise in long-term rates has done some of the Fed’s dirty work for them,” McBride said. “They can afford to sit back and not raise short-term interest rates at this point because the move up in long-term rates has been so pronounced, and it has the effect of reducing demand in the economy.”

The Fed has already raised short-term interest rates eleven times since March of last year, pushing its benchmark rate from near zero to the highest in over 20 years.

Policymakers signaled in September that, on average, they expect one more quarter-point rate increase by the end of the year.  The next rate-setting meeting is scheduled for mid-December. 

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Scott Horsley

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The Federal Reserve left interest rates unchanged Wednesday, but left the door open to additional rate hikes in the future, if necessary, to curb inflation.

The Fed held interest rates steady — but the fight against inflation is not over yet

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