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Whether you're new to economics or just want to deepen your understanding, this course covers the basics and connects them to today’s pressing issues—from inequality to public policy decisions.

Each week, you'll receive a reading guide that distills core principles, offers actionable takeaways, and explains how they affect the current world. While the full ebook enriches the experience, the guides alone provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental economic ideas.

You’ll find this course especially useful and unique because…
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You'll gain real-world insights into how economics impacts your daily life with this easy-to-follow online course. This crash course is based on the acclaimed textbook Economy, Society, and Public Policy by CORE Econ, tailored to help you grasp key concepts without feeling overwhelmed.

Whether you're new to economics or just want to deepen your understanding, this course covers the basics and connects them to today’s pressing issues—from inequality to public policy decisions.

Each week, you'll receive a reading guide that distills core principles, offers actionable takeaways, and explains how they affect the current world. While the full ebook enriches the experience, the guides alone provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental economic ideas.

You’ll find this course especially useful and unique because…
Are you ready to build a foundation in economics that empowers you to think critically about the world around you?

Get instant access today and keep an eye on your inbox for a confirmation email and your first lesson.
 
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} set value (newValue) { this.input.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus')); this.input.value = newValue; this.input.dispatchEvent(new Event('keyup')); this.input.dispatchEvent(new Event('change')); this.input.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur')); } get text () { return this.input.placeholder; } set text (newText) { this.input.placeholder = newText; } addEventListener (eventType, callbackFunction) { this.input.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction); } } class GiftArrayButton extends RadioButtonComponent { constructor (element) { super(element); } get amount () { return this.value; } set amount (newAmount) { if (Number.isNaN(parseInt(newAmount)) || parseInt(newAmount) <= 0) throw new Error("New amount must be a valid number greater than 0."); newAmount = parseInt(newAmount); this.text = '$' + newAmount; this.value = newAmount; } } class GiftArrayOtherAmount extends TextFieldComponent { constructor (element) { super(element); } get amount () { return parseFloat(this.value); } set amount (newAmount) { if (Number.isNaN(parseInt(newAmount)) || parseInt(newAmount) <= 0) throw new Error("New amount must be a valid number greater than 0."); newAmount = parseFloat(newAmount); this.value = newAmount; this.input.dispatchEvent(new Event('updateSummary')); } } class GiftArray extends Array { constructor (items) { if (!Array.isArray(items) && items.length === 0) { throw new Error("GiftArray: Arugment 1 is not an instance of Array with a length greater than 0:" + items.join(', ')); } if (items.every((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton || item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount)) { if (items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount)) { let temp = items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount); items = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); items.push(temp); } } else if (items.every((item) => item instanceof HTMLElement)) { items = items.map((item) => item.matches(".webform-component-textfield") ? new GiftArrayOtherAmount(item) : new GiftArrayButton(item)); } else { throw new Error("GiftArray: Arugment 1 is not of type HTMLElement, HTMLElement[], or GiftArrayButton|GiftArrayButton[]:" + items.join(', ')); } super(...items); this.Buttons = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); this.OtherAmountInput = items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount); } get amount () { const activeButton = this.Buttons.find((item) => item.checked); if (activeButton.value === "other") { const otherButton = activeButton; if (!otherButton) { throw new Error("GiftArray.amount: Other Button was not defined."); } otherButton.click(); return this.OtherAmountInput.value; } else { return activeButton.value; } } set amount (newAmount) { if (Number.isNaN(parseInt(newAmount)) || parseInt(newAmount) <= 0) throw new Error("New amount must be a valid number greater than 0."); newAmount = parseFloat(newAmount); const matchingButton = this.find((item) => item.value === newAmount); if (matchingButton) { matchingButton.click(); } else { const otherButton = this.Buttons.find((item) => item.value === "other"); otherButton.click(); this.OtherAmountInput.amount = newAmount; } } addEventListeners (eventType, callbackFunction, filter = undefined) { if (filter && typeof filter === 'function') { const filteredItems = this.filter((item) => filter.call(this, item)); filteredItems.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } else if (filter && typeof filter === 'string') { if (filter.match(/buttons/gmi)) this.Buttons.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); if (filter.match(/other/gmi)) this.OtherAmountInput.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction); } else { this.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } } } class FrequencyButton extends RadioButtonComponent { constructor (element) { super(element); } get frequency () { return this.text.match(/Monthly/gmi) ? "Monthly" : "One-Time"; } set freqency (newAmount) { if (Number.isNaN(parseInt(newAmount)) || parseInt(newAmount) <= 0) throw new Error("New amount must be a valid number greater than 0."); newAmount = parseInt(newAmount); this.text = '$' + newAmount; this.value = newAmount; } } class FrequencyArray extends Array { constructor (items) { if (!Array.isArray(items) && items.length === 0) { throw new Error("FrequencyArray: Arugment 1 is not an instance of Array with a length greater than 0:" + items.join(', ')); } /*if (items.every((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton || item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount)) { if (items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount)) { let temp = items.find((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayOtherAmount); items = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); items.push(temp); } } else*/ if (items.every((item) => item instanceof HTMLElement)) { items = items.map((item) => item.matches(".webform-component-textfield") ? new GiftArrayOtherAmount(item) : new GiftArrayButton(item)); } else { throw new Error("FrequencyArray: Arugment 1 is not of type HTMLElement or HTMLElement[]:" + items.join(', ')); } super(...items); this.Buttons = items.filter((item) => item instanceof GiftArrayButton); } get frequency () { const activeButton = this.Buttons.find((item) => item.checked); if (activeButton.value === "recurs") return "monthly"; if (activeButton.value === "NO_RECURR") return "one-time"; return activeButton.value; } set frequency (newFrequency) { const reNewFrequencyValue = new RegExp(newFrequency, 'gmi'); const matchingButton = this.find((item) => item.value.match(reNewFrequencyValue) || item.text.match(reNewFrequencyValue)); matchingButton.click(); } get recurring () { return this.frequency === "monthly" ? true : false; } set recurring (bool) { this.frequency = bool === true ? "monthly" : "one-time"; } addEventListeners (eventType, callbackFunction, filter = undefined) { if (filter && typeof filter === 'function') { const filteredItems = this.filter((item) => filter.call(this, item)); filteredItems.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } else if (filter && typeof filter === 'string') { if (filter.match(/buttons/gmi)) this.Buttons.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); if (filter.match(/other/gmi)) this.OtherAmountInput.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction); } else { this.forEach((item) => item.addEventListener(eventType, callbackFunction)); } } } // const lockedProperty = { writable: false, configurable: false, enumerable: true }; function DonationFormAPI (elements, options = {}) { const defaultOptions = { min: 1.00, max: 999999.99, makeTabbed: false, fakeSubmit: true, overrideGiftArrayValues: false, }; options = { ...defaultOptions, ...options }; // const { frequencyRadios, submitButton, root } = elements; const [ amountRadiosOnetime, amountRadiosMonthly ] = elements.amountRadios; const oneTimeOtherAmountWrapper = amountRadiosOnetime.find((div) => !div.matches('.webform-component-textfield') || div.querySelector('input[type="text"]')); const oneTimeRadioButtons = amountRadiosOnetime.filter((div) => div !== oneTimeOtherAmountWrapper); const monthlyOtherAmountWrapper = amountRadiosMonthly.find((div) => !div.matches('.webform-component-textfield') || div.querySelector('input[type="text"]')); const monthlyRadioButtons = amountRadiosMonthly.filter((div) => div !== monthlyOtherAmountWrapper); const debug = { log: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), info: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), warn: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), error: (...args) => window.NA.DonationForm.DEBUG_MODE && console.log(...args), }; // const api = new Object(); Object.defineProperty(api, 'root', { value: root, writable: false, configurable: true, enumerable: true, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { 'FORM_MINIMUM': { value: options.min || 0, ...lockedProperty }, 'FORM_MAXIMUM': { value: options.max || Infinity, ...lockedProperty }, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { GiftArrays: { value: { "one-time": new GiftArray([ ...oneTimeRadioButtons, oneTimeOtherAmountWrapper ]), "monthly": new GiftArray([ ...monthlyRadioButtons, monthlyOtherAmountWrapper ]), }, writable: false, configurable: true, enumerable: true, }, Frequencies: { value: new FrequencyArray(frequencyRadios), writable: false, configurable: true, enumerable: true, }, SubmitButton: { value: submitButton, writable: false, configurable: false, enumerable: true, } }); Object.defineProperties(api, { 'getFrequency': { value: async function () { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { try { resolve(this.Frequencies.frequency); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'setFrequency': { value: async function (frequency) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { this.Frequencies.frequency = frequency; if (await this.getFrequency() === frequency) resolve(frequency); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'getAmount': { value: async function (frequency = undefined) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { frequency = frequency || await this.getFrequency(); if (frequency && this.GiftArrays.hasOwnProperty(frequency)) { const activeGiftArray = this.GiftArrays[frequency]; resolve(activeGiftArray.amount); } else { throw new Error("getAmount: Invalid frequency: " + frequency); } } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'setAmount': { value: async function (amount, frequency = undefined) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { const currentFrequency = await this.getFrequency(); if (!frequency) { frequency = currentFrequency; } else if (frequency !== currentFrequency) { frequency = await this.setFrequency(frequency); } if (frequency && this.GiftArrays.hasOwnProperty(frequency)) { const activeGiftArray = this.GiftArrays[frequency]; activeGiftArray.amount = amount; } else { throw new Error("setAmount: Invalid frequency: " + frequency); } if (await this.getAmount() === amount) resolve(amount); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'getRecurring': { value: async function () { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { try { resolve(this.Frequencies.recurring); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, 'setRecurring': { value: async function (bool) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { try { this.Frequencies.frequency = bool ? true : false; if (await this.getRecurring() === bool) resolve(bool); } catch (error) { reject(error); } }); }, ...lockedProperty }, freqency: { get () { return this.getFrequency() }, set (value) { this.setFrequency(value) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, amount: { get () { return this.getAmount() }, set (value) { this.setAmount(value) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, recurring: { get () { return this.getRecurring() }, set (value) { this.setRecurring(value) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { 'submit': { value: async function (condition = this.validate||function(){return true}) { //this.hooks['onBeforeSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); let result; const isAsyncFunction = (func) => func.constructor.name === "AsyncFunction"; if (Array.isArray(condition)) { if (condition.every((c) => typeof c === 'function' && isAsyncFunction(c))) { result = await Promise.all(condition.map(async (c) => await c.call(this))); } else if (condition.every((c) => typeof c === 'function')) { result = condition.every((c) => c.call(this)); } else if (condition.every((c) => c === true || c === false)) { result = condition.every((c) => c); } } else if (typeof condition === 'function' && isAsyncFunction(condition)) { result = await condition.call(this); } else if (typeof condition === 'function') { result = condition.call(this); } else if (condition === true || condition === false) { result = condition; } else { console.error("Unknown error."); debugger; } // if (result === true) { if (window.NA.DonationForm.hasOwnProperty("DEBUG_MODE") && window.NA.DonationForm["DEBUG_MODE"] == true) return console.log("Submit aborted (debug mode is enabled)."); this.SubmitButton.click(), this.hooks['onSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); //this.hooks['onAfterSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } else { return console.log("Submit failed (conditions did not evaluate to true)."); } }, ...lockedProperty }, 'interceptSubmit': { value: function (handleInterceptedSubmit = () => { return new Promise((resolve) => resolve(undefined)) }) { try { window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy = window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy || createNewSubmitButton(window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton, { cloneOriginal: false, hideOriginal: true, observeOriginal: false }); window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.addEventListener('click', async (event) => { event.preventDefault(), event.stopPropagation(); const shouldFormSubmit = await handleInterceptedSubmit.call(this, event); if (shouldFormSubmit) { console.info("Submit allowed by initial interceptSubmit callback function resulting in a truthy evaluation."); const formIsValid = await window.NA.DonationForm.validate(); if (!formIsValid) { // if submit allowed but there are known errors in the form console.warn("Form has known errors. Attempting to submit to show errors then retrying."); console.log("Submitting..."); window.NA.DonationForm.submit(true); // submit anyway to trigger the error to be shown window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton.style.setProperty("display", "none"), debug.info("SubmitButton hidden."), // hide the original submit button again window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.style.setProperty("display", "none"), debug.info("SubmitButtonCopy hidden."); // hide the copy of the submit button again window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.style.removeProperty("display"), debug.info("SubmitButtonCopy unhidden."); // show the copy of the submit button } else { console.log("Submitting..."); window.NA.DonationForm.submit(true); } } else { console.log("Submit prevented."); console.info("Next submit will be allowed."); window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton.style.removeProperty("display"), debug.info("SubmitButton unhidden."); // show the original submit button so that if something goes wrong the user can still click the submit button window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy.style.setProperty("display", "none"), debug.info("SubmitButtonCopy hidden."); // hide the copy of the submit button that intercepts submit attempts so that there aren't two buttons } }); console.log("Submit intercept added.\nButton:", window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy); } catch (error) { console.error("Failed to add submit intercept:", error); } }, ...lockedProperty }, 'validate': { value: async function (root = undefined) { if (!this || this === null) throw new Error("validate: Unable to read API context."); root = root || this.root; const flattenArray = (array) => array.reduce((flat, toFlatten) => flat.concat(Array.isArray(toFlatten) ? flattenArray(toFlatten) : toFlatten), []); try { const freqency = await this.getFrequency(), amount = await this.getAmount(); if (!freqency || !amount) return false; if (amount < this.FORM_MINIMUM || amount > this.FORM_MAXIMUM) return console.error("validate:", "Gift amount is invalid:", amount), false; let requiredFields = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('label:has(.form-required)')) .map((label) => document.getElementById(label.htmlFor) || (label.nextElementSibling || label.previousElementSibling)) .filter((_) => !!_) // remove blanks .filter((field) => { if (field.name && field.name.includes('[payment_information]')) return false; return true; }) .map((field) => { if (field.matches("div")) return [...field.querySelectorAll('input')]; return field; }) requiredFields = flattenArray(requiredFields); const valid = requiredFields.every((input) => { const type = input.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'select' ? 'select' : input.type; const { name, value, id } = input; //console.log(type, name, value); if (name === 'submitted[payment_information][payment_fields][credit][card_number]') { if (value && value.length === 16) return true; return console.error("validate:", name+':', "CC is invalid."), false; } if (name === 'submitted[leadership_circle]') return true; if (name === 'submitted[donation][other_amount]' || name === 'submitted[donation][recurring_other_amount]') if (amount) return true; switch (type) { case 'email': const emailRegex = /^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$/; if (!emailRegex.test(value)) return console.error("validate:", name+':', "Email address is invalid.\n", input, value), false; return true; case 'tel': if (!value || value.length < 10) return console.error("validate:", name+':', "Phone number is invalid.\n", input, value), false; return true; case 'select': case 'radio': case 'text': if (!value || value.length === 0) return console.error("validate:", name+':', "Field is invalid.\n", input, value), false; return true; default: debug.log("default"); return true; } /*if (!value || value.length === 0) return false;*/ }); return valid; } catch (error) { console.error(error); return false; } }, ...lockedProperty }, //'makeTabbed': { value: function(){} }, 'DonationInterrupter': { value: { init: initDonationInterrupter.bind(api) }, enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, } }); initHooks(api, ['onFrequencyChange', 'onAmountChange', 'onTrySubmit', 'onSubmit']); api.Frequencies.addEventListeners('change', (event) => { if (event.target.checked) { api.hooks['onFrequencyChange'].forEach((callback) => { callback.call(api, event.target.value); }); } }); Object.entries(api.GiftArrays).forEach(([ key, GiftArray ]) => { GiftArray.addEventListeners('change', (event) => { if (event.target.checked) { api.hooks['onAmountChange'].forEach((callback) => { callback.call(api, event.target.value); }); } }); }); api.SubmitButton.addEventListener('click', (event) => { api.hooks['onTrySubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(api, event)); }); api.root.addEventListener('submit', (event) => { api.hooks['onSubmit'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(api, event)); }); if (options.makeTabbed) api.makeTabbed(); /*if (options.fakeSubmit) window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy = window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButtonCopy || createNewSubmitButton(window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton, { cloneOriginal: false, hideOriginal: true, observeOriginal: false });*/ return api; } function createNewSubmitButton (originalSubmitButton = window.NA.DonationForm.SubmitButton, options = {}) { const defaultOptions = { cloneOriginal: true, hideOriginal: true, observeOriginal: true, }; options = { ...defaultOptions, ...options }; const newSubmitButton = document.createElement('button'); //newSubmitButton.id = "submit-button-copy"; newSubmitButton.classList.add("btn"); newSubmitButton.textContent = originalSubmitButton.value; originalSubmitButton.after(newSubmitButton); options.hideOriginal && originalSubmitButton.style.setProperty("display", "none"); return newSubmitButton; } function initHooks (api, hookNames = []) { const hooks = Object.fromEntries(hookNames.map((hookName) => ([hookName, new Array()]))); Object.defineProperty(api, 'hooks', { value: hooks, ...lockedProperty }); } function initDonationInterrupter (options = {}) { const getExpId = () => { let experiments = window._vwo_exp; experiments = Object.entries(window._vwo_exp); let id = experiments.find(([id, data]) => { const name = data.name; return name.match(/Donation Interrupter/); })[1]?.id; return id; }; const getExpVariation = (id) => { let experiment = window._vwo_exp[id]; return experiment.combination_chosen || experiment.combination_selected; }; const defaultOptions = { id: [ 'VWO', getExpId(), getExpVariation(getExpId()) ].join('-'), tokenName: ("NA__MPR_DonationInterrupter:" + [ 'VWO', getExpId(), getExpVariation(getExpId()) ].join('-')), min: 10, max: 100, askAmount: (originalAmount) => { if (originalAmount > 500) // $500+ return false; // don't show if (originalAmount >= 400) // $400-$500 return 50; if (originalAmount >= 300) // $300-$399 return 40; if (originalAmount >= 200) // $200-$299 return 30; if (originalAmount >= 100) // $100-$199 return 15; if (originalAmount < 100) // $100- return 10; return false; }, askFrequency: (originalFrequency) => { return "monthly"; }, popupHTML: { headingHTML: (` `), bodyHTML: (` `), }, }; options = { ...defaultOptions, ...options }; console.log("Initializing donation interrupter."); return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { try { const dialogElement = document.createElement('dialog'); dialogElement.id = options.id; dialogElement.classList.add("popup", "donation-interrupter", "NA"); dialogElement.innerHTML = `
${options.popupHTML.headingHTML} ${options.popupHTML.bodyHTML}
`; document.body.appendChild(dialogElement); // // const api = new Object({ askAmount: options.askAmount, askFrequency: options.askFrequency, }); Object.defineProperties(api, { id: { value: options.id, writable: false, enumerable: true, configurable: false, }, tokenName: { value: options.tokenName, writable: false, enumerable: true, configurable: false, }, Dialog: { value: dialogElement, writable: false, enumerable: true, configurable: true, }, show: { value: function () { this.update(), this.Dialog.showModal(), vwoCustomEvent(`${this.id}:shown`); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastShown", getCurrentDate()); this.hooks['onShow'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); }, ...lockedProperty }, hide: { value: function () { this.Dialog.close(), this.hooks['onHide'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); }, ...lockedProperty }, update: { value: function () { this.Dialog.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('update'), { bubbles: false }); }, ...lockedProperty } }); Object.defineProperty(api, 'storedState', { value: { storageApi: localStorage, getToken: (function () { const tokenName = this.tokenName, storageApi = this.storedState.storageApi; return JSON.parse(storageApi.getItem(tokenName)) || null; }).bind(api), setToken: (function (tokenValue) { const tokenName = this.tokenName, storageApi = this.storedState.storageApi; return storageApi.setItem(tokenName, JSON.stringify(tokenValue)); }).bind(api), updateTokenProperty: (function (tokenPropertyName, tokenPropertyValue) { let state = this.storedState.getToken() || {}; state[tokenPropertyName] = tokenPropertyValue; this.storedState.setToken(state); return (this.storedState.getToken() || {})[tokenPropertyName] || undefined; }).bind(api), } }); initHooks(api, ['onShow', 'onHide', 'onUpdate', 'onYes', 'onNo']); function handleDialogUpdate (event) { // update dynamic text in the dialog Array.from(this.Dialog.querySelectorAll('[data-value]')).forEach(async (el) => { const attributeValue = el.getAttribute('data-value'); const currentAmount = await window.NA.DonationForm.getAmount(), currentFrequency = await window.NA.DonationForm.getFrequency(); if (attributeValue.match("askAmount")) { el.textContent = this.askAmount(currentAmount); } else if (attributeValue.match("askFrequency")) { el.textContent = this.askFrequency(currentFrequency); } else if (attributeValue.match("originalAmount") || attributeValue.match("amount")) { el.textContent = currentAmount; } else if (attributeValue.match("originalFrequency") || attributeValue.match("frequency")) { el.textContent = currentFrequency; } }); this.hooks['onUpdate'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } api.Dialog.addEventListener('update', handleDialogUpdate.bind(api)); // const handleYes = (async function () { vwoCustomEvent(`${this.id}:DonationInterrupter:yes`); const currentAmount = await window.NA.DonationForm.getAmount(), currentFrequency = await window.NA.DonationForm.getFrequency(); const catchAsyncError = (error) => { console.error("An error occured:", error); debugger; this.hide(); }; window.NA.DonationForm.setFrequency(this.askFrequency(currentFrequency)).then((frequency) => { console.log("Updated frequency:", frequency); window.NA.DonationForm.setAmount(this.askAmount(currentAmount)).then((amount) => { console.log("Updated amount:", amount); setTimeout(() => { console.log("Submitting..."); try { window.NA.DonationForm.submit(); } catch (error) { console.error("Error when submitting."); } finally { this.hide(); } }, 100); }).catch(catchAsyncError); }).catch(catchAsyncError); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastConverted", getCurrentDate()); }).bind(api); const handleNo = (function () { vwoCustomEvent(`${this.id}:DonationInterrupter:no`); setTimeout(() => { console.log("Submitting..."); try { window.NA.DonationForm.submit(); } catch (error) { console.error("Error when submitting."); } finally { this.hide(); } }, 100); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastDismissed", getCurrentDate()); }).bind(api); const handleCancel = (function () { this.hide(); this.storedState.updateTokenProperty("lastDismissed", getCurrentDate()); }).bind(api); async function handleDialogButtonClick (event) { event.preventDefault(); if (event.target.hasAttribute('data-action')) { if (event.target.getAttribute('data-action').match("yes")) { await handleYes.call(this); this.hooks['onYes'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } if (event.target.getAttribute('data-action').match("no")) { await handleNo.call(this); this.hooks['onNo'].forEach((callback) => callback.call(this)); } } } Array.from(api.Dialog.querySelectorAll('.popup__footer button')).forEach((button) => button.addEventListener('click', handleDialogButtonClick.bind(api))); if (api.Dialog.querySelector('.btn-dismiss')) api.Dialog.querySelector('.btn-dismiss').onclick = handleCancel; window.NA.DonationForm.DonationInterrupter = api; async function shouldDonationInterrupterShow () { return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { const shouldSubmit = true, shouldNotSubmit = false; const shouldShow = () => { this.show(), resolve(shouldNotSubmit) }, shouldNotShow = () => resolve(shouldSubmit); try { const formIsValid = await window.NA.DonationForm.validate(); if (!formIsValid) return console.log("One or more donation form fields are invalid; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); const currentFrequency = await window.NA.DonationForm.getFrequency(), currentAmount = await window.NA.DonationForm.getAmount(), askFrequency = this.askFrequency(currentFrequency), askAmount = this.askAmount(currentAmount); if (!currentFrequency || askFrequency == currentFrequency) return console.log("Ask frequency returned false or invalid; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); if (askAmount == false || askAmount <= 0) return console.log("Ask amount returned false or invalid; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); } catch (error) { return console.error(error), shouldNotShow(); } try { /// Summary: shows when not seen before at all, or if seen and dismissed on a day that is not the current day (e.g. yesterday) const storedState = this.storedState.getToken(); if (!storedState || !storedState.hasOwnProperty("lastShown")) { // has not been seen before; first time return console.log("Donation interrupter not seen yet; donation interrupter will be shown."), shouldShow(); } else { // returning visitors if (storedState.hasOwnProperty("lastConverted")) { // the user has converted from the popup before return console.log("Already converted; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); } else if (storedState.hasOwnProperty("lastDismissed") && storedState['lastDismissed'] !== getCurrentDate()) { // if the popup has been dismissed before but the last time it was dismissed is NOT today return console.log("Donation interrupter dismissed, but not today; donation interrupter will be shown."), shouldShow(); } else { return console.log("Donation interrupter already seen and/or dismissed today; donation interrupter will not be shown."), shouldNotShow(); } } } catch (error) { return console.error(error), shouldNotShow(); } }); } window.NA.DonationForm.interceptSubmit(shouldDonationInterrupterShow.bind(api)); resolve(api); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } }); } window.NA = window.NA || {}; window.NA.DonationForm = window.NA.DonationForm || {}; window.NA.DonationForm.init = async function init () { console.log("Initializing donation form API. 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A rocky first year for St. Paul Central Corridor construction

Central Corridor LRT
Near the intersection of Hamline and University avenues, light-rail tracks that will be used to construct the Central Corridor are stored in the middle of the street Friday, Dec. 2, 2011 in St. Paul.
MPR Photo/Jennifer Simonson

The first year of major construction on a future light-rail line in St. Paul suffered from communication lapses, haphazard planning, and inattention to community concerns — and that's according to the government agency that manages the project.

Hundreds of documents examined by MPR News show the magnitude of performance problems associated with building the St. Paul portion of the massive Central Corridor transit system connecting to Minneapolis.

Community members have complained about treacherous sidewalks and blocked access to businesses.

The records reveal just how systemic some of the glitches were.

In some cases, project staff with the Met Council urged the general contractor to fix a problem — only to have Chicago-based Walsh Construction repeat the mistake again and again. At one point, an exasperated project official questioned whether Walsh had control of its own crews.

The Met Council is ultimately responsible for the $957 million Central Corridor endeavor, billed as the largest and arguably one of the most complex public-works projects in state history. It's scheduled to start service in 2014.

As the council remains determined to deliver the project on time and on budget, even Central Corridor supporters say some of the simplest things went overlooked, compounding the frustrations among business owners and city officials.

Central Corridor LRT
With Central Corridor construction finishing up for the winter, University Avenue opened to two lanes of traffic traveling both east and west in early December, 2011. This photo was made along University Avenue just west of Fairview Avenue.
MPR Photo/Jennifer Simonson

"Small wounds, untreated, become infected and can result in major illness and/or death," wrote St. Paul city engineer John Maczko in a Sept. 16 email to a Central Corridor staff member. "I see a similar trend with this project."

'UNACCEPTABLE' CONDITIONS

With the bulk of construction to resume on University Avenue in March, the Met Council said it is pressing the contractor to step up its performance. Last month, two top project officials met with Walsh executives at their corporate offices in Chicago.

"We had a very frank discussion with them," said Mark Fuhrmann, who oversees new rail development for the regional agency. "We told them their performance was not to our level of expectations in 2011, and that things must change in 2012."

Central Corridor construction
Jesse Anderson, who is blind and works at Minnesota State Services for the Blind, waits for his bus after work Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2012 at the corner of University and Hampden avenues in St. Paul. During Central Corridor light rail construction, Anderson and other blind people sometimes had trouble with pedestrian access to sidewalks or finding their bus stop when it moved due to construction.
MPR Photo/Jennifer Simonson

Fuhrmann acknowledged the project encountered delays from the beginning, starting with an incomplete work schedule that Walsh provided leading up to the March 2011 start date. As Walsh made its first foray into the Twin Cities market, the contractor took more time than expected to develop relationships with subcontractors and assemble its crews, Fuhrmann said.

Complicating matters is the route itself; it weaves through the heart of the city and onto an avenue flanked by businesses.

Yet even after the earth-movers started to tear up the streets, the project continued to stall and misfire.

Through a data practices request, MPR News reviewed written correspondence between the Met Council and the general contractor building the eastern seven miles of the 11-mile line. On this stretch from downtown St. Paul to the Minneapolis border, documents from the Met Council show repeated environmental violations, sloppy work that threatened pedestrians, scheduling delays, failures to communicate, and a lack of oversight by the contractor.

From July to mid-December, the council issued more than 100 "nonconformance" reports, which project officials say pertained to more serious issues in which Walsh did not comply with the contract.

One source of frustration came after workers ripped up the sidewalks along the light-rail route. The contract requires Walsh to maintain a safe pedestrian path, but "Walsh has been inconsistent at best and non-existent at worst," wrote a transportation engineer working on the project.

Central Corridor construction
John Hess, who is blind and works at Minnesota State Services for the Blind, had help from his guide dog Barclay when pedestrian access and moving bus stops made due to light rail construction made travel difficult along University Avenue. Hess was photographed Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2012 at a new bus stop at University Avenue and Vandalia Street.
MPR Photo/Jennifer Simonson

The most striking example was a spot near the facility for the State Services for the Blind, where the sidewalk narrowed by more than two feet and then abruptly dropped off by a foot. There were also uncovered holes up to six feet deep near the pedestrian detours, records say.

Employee John Hess, who is blind, relies on his fast-trotting service dog, Barclay, to use judgment when approaching dangerous situations that Hess cannot see. But the experience of walking from the bus stop to his office left a lot to chance, he said.

"Terrified," Hess said. "Sometimes it was just hit or miss — 'Let's go for it and see what happens.' And there were times where cars would turn, and I didn't know about it, and Barclay would have to execute some nice little maneuvers to get out of their way."

When Fuhrmann, of the project office, showed pictures of the walkways to the Walsh executives in Chicago, "their eyes bulged out," he said.

"The pedestrian bypass would put that pedestrian in the street — in the traffic," Furhmann said. "Unacceptable."

FINES AGAINST WALSH

Problems with inaccessible sidewalks and pedestrian detours led to the only fines against Walsh, totaling $50,000 over the summer.

Although Fuhrmann and other top officials have helped steer other large rail projects to completion, this is the Met Council's first stab as an agency at building light-rail. The Minnesota Department of Transportation led construction of the Hiawatha line in Minneapolis, although Met Council planners were heavily involved.

The Walsh Group, the parent company of Walsh Construction, is a seasoned contracting giant, and many local players were impressed with the firm's portfolio. It has built light-rail in Dallas, Phoenix, and Charlotte. Its bid on the Central Corridor job was about $14 million less than the second-lowest bid.

The Met Council recognizes that Walsh is not to blame for some of the challenges in St. Paul. Crews uncovered a surprising amount of asbestos and utilities underground, which resulted in some delays. The contractor also ran into design problems, in which the reality under the street differed from the specifications in the contract.

Letters from Walsh show the firm requesting change orders to the contract, and project officials say some were granted.

"There were many issues with design that most of these people are not aware of and again Walsh is being penalized for this," wrote Walsh's senior project manager, Don Henry, in a July 20 letter to the Met Council. "The people voting have no idea as to the reasons why some of the timelines are not met."

Central Corridor LRT
Walsh Construction employees finish sidewalk replacement near the intersection of University and Prior avenues Friday, Dec. 2, 2011. Walsh is the general contractor for the St. Paul portion of Central Corridor LRT construction.
MPR Photo/Jennifer Simonson

Henry was objecting to mostly negative reviews provided by business owners and residents tasked with recommending the contractor's incentive pay. The "construction communication committees" made sure Walsh received less than half of its available incentive pay for 2011. [Read the project office's response to Henry's letter. ]

Despite Walsh's rocky start, project officials say the volume of problems is typical for an undertaking of this size. In fact, Fuhrmann, who has experience planning Metro rail projects in Washington D.C., recalls one contractor falling so far behind schedule that the agency had to terminate the contract. "That was a very ugly situation when you had the street opened up, and the contractor was not performing," he said.

By contrast, Furhmann said he would rate Walsh's performance as "fair to good."

With more than 2,300 workers on the job, it's understandable some will make mistakes, said Richard Rovang, the project's director. He maintains the contractor tried to fix issues as they surfaced.

"Our disappointment has been that in general, they don't correct them as quickly as they should," he said.

For example, the Met Council issued multiple reports against Walsh for mishandling asbestos. Excavation crews uncovered transite pipes, which are often used to protect electrical wiring. Instead of stopping work immediately and reporting the presence of asbestos-containing materials, construction crews went ahead with removing them with no special oversight staff present, the documents say.

Central Corridor LRT
Walsh Construction employees finish sidewalk replacement near the intersection of University and Prior avenues Friday, Dec. 2, 2011. Walsh is the general contractor for the St. Paul portion of Central Corridor LRT construction.
MPR Photo/Jennifer Simonson

"Walsh has proven time and again that they are incapable of following environmental laws when they are in close proximity to existing asbestos," a project staff member wrote in July.

After numerous reprimands, Walsh trained crews to better identify asbestos and even started a "behavior-modification program." The initiative, according to an Aug. 16 nonconformance report, involved rewarding workers who made the right decisions with gift certificates.

Although certain kinds of asbestos materials can be carcinogenic when disturbed, it's unlikely that Central Corridor workers were exposed to significant health risks when handling the transite piping, Rovang said. The project office was primarily concerned with Walsh not following the contract, he said.

Walsh's contract violations "range from the serious to the mundane," according to an August nonconformance report. Even a simple order, such as asking the crews to avoid using limited customer parking for businesses, repeatedly went unheeded.

The project staffer noted that the contract requires Walsh to supervise its workers and subcontractors. But, the report says there are "numerous examples where the Contractor does not appear to be able to control either."

RESPONDING TO INQUIRY

Central Corridor light-rail on University Ave.
Construction crews on Nov. 30, 2011 work in the middle of University Ave. in St. Paul, Minn., where trains on the Central Corridor light-rail line will run. The Metropolitan Council says work will continue in the middle of the street into 2012.
MPR Photo/Laura Yuen

Walsh officials did not return phone calls requesting comment about contract compliance — and that's how the Met Council prefers it. The $205 million contract forbids the company from speaking to reporters about Central Corridor.

After MPR News questioned the policy, the project office allowed a reporter to interview Walsh's public-outreach coordinator, but she couldn't speak to issues that arose before she started the job in November.

Kimberly Sannes, the outreach worker, defended Walsh's responsiveness.

"They are working their tail off," she said. "They are striving for perfection."

SPRINT TO THE FINISH

From the outside perspective, stakeholders along the light-rail route were equally frustrated with the building of the line.

A separate data request to the city of St. Paul turned up more than 100 pages of emails between city officials closely involved with the project and the Met Council's Central Corridor staff. The documents show city representatives — from City Council Member Russ Stark to rank-and-file planners — trying to provide a voice for businesses and residents.

"We've all been concerned about the length of time that the fences/barricades have been up without significant work happening," reads a May 12 email from Nancy Homans, Mayor Chris Coleman's policy director.

The slow pace of construction continued to worry city and project officials as the season wore on. And even as Walsh scrambled to play catch-up, some feared the contractor would fail to meet a key Nov. 30 deadline requiring the completion of roadwork on western University Avenue. City officials were concerned that parts of the avenue would remain exposed when the snow began to fly.

"The closure of University Avenue to traffic IS NOT AN OPTION in any length," wrote St. Paul City Engineer John Maczko in a Sept. 16 email to the project office. "A lack of early planning is NOT going to change the requirement."

But the city, which is not a major funder of the project, had to think creatively about how to throw around its weight. In his email, Mackzo threatened using "any and all means necessary" to block further stripping of University Avenue until Walsh provided a thorough construction schedule.

The St. Paul public works department was willing to park huge snow-plowing trucks on the road to prevent the contractors from digging up the street, according to city officials with knowledge of the situation. Officials also explored legal options, including a restraining order.

Those measures weren't necessary. After adding extra crews and working extra hours, Walsh essentially beat the clock, avoiding penalties of $10,000 a day. One exception was a segment of track between Cleveland and Prior avenues, which the Met Council said will be completed later this year.

POOR PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT

Scheduling problems aside, many complained that Walsh was not taking the community's concerns seriously.

Taking cues from light-rail towns such as Salt Lake City, the Met Council adopted an unusual incentive program that provides residents and businesses with a way to hold the contractor accountable. The construction communication committees meet regularly to discuss progress on the construction, as well as complaints about the contractor's performance. The committees also help determine Walsh's incentive pay.

"We hear from the contractor about what they're doing, and we try to resolve problems," said Anne White, a neighborhood advocate and an alternate committee member. "The frustration is sometimes they don't address the issues, or say they can't do anything about it."

The contract requires Walsh to provide a full-time community relations leader. But that staffer was saddled with additional tasks that distracted him from community outreach, according to public documents. The company was on its second outreach leader when it began sending substitutes to the required meetings.

Making matters worse, the contractor provided inaccurate construction maps and outdated information, according to an October report.

The breaking point for some downtown committee members came at a meeting last summer in which Maczko, the city engineer, asked the Walsh representative a question. The outreach substitute, however, admitted he wasn't listening.

"It did not sit well with everyone in the room, and it did not sit well with me," Maczko recalled in a recent interview.

Matt Anfang, a committee member who represents building owners, said he began to question whether Walsh was committed to engaging with the public.

"I reacted by saying, 'If we're not going to have a representative of Walsh that's going to participate in these meetings, I see no reason to continue,'' he said.

Because of low marks from the committees in 2011, Walsh earned just 44 percent of its maximum incentive pay, amounting to $106,798. [Read the most recent summary of comments from the committees here. ] In contrast, the contractor for the Minneapolis end of the project, Ames/McCrossan JV, received 81 percent of its potential bonus.

Anfang said he'd rather see Walsh earn every available penny.

"If they're serious about achieving their incentive pay, then I think the committee would be serious about ensuring they've been paid it," Anfang said.

One sign that Walsh is getting serious is Kimberly Sannes. In November, Walsh brought on Sannes, an engineer and former MnDOT project manager, as its full-time public outreach leader for Central Corridor

At a recent committee meeting, Sannes acknowledged there is room for improvement.

"Walsh feels very strongly about making this work, and making this work better," Sannes told the committee members. "They've heard that what they were doing is not satisfactory to the public, and they very much want that to change."

To Walsh's credit, many observers agree the project began to find its rhythm in the final few months of 2011. Maczko, the city engineer, summed up Walsh's performance with a grade for each quarter:

"I think they went from a 'D,' to 'F,' to 'F,' to 'B,' — and ended up with a 'C' grade overall for the year," he said.

Yet some critics remain skeptical.

Mike Baca, who runs a commercial printing company on University Avenue, said construction crews left several loose ends as they hurried to meet deadline. When workers rebuilt his sidewalk this summer, he said, they splattered concrete on the brickwork of his building and failed to remove the goo from duct tape on his windows. They were simple matters, Baca said, that the project office promised to fix.

Despite repeated phone calls and emails, nothing changed, Baca said.

"The lack of answers, the lack of compassion, and the lack of doing something about it is just terrible," he said. "I don't know if the Met Council has any control over the construction process. How can you let [Walsh] run roughshod over everybody? You're paying them. You're supposed to be representing us."

Baca finally got a response, after a reporter forwarded his complaint to Walsh's public-outreach representative. Within an hour, a crew showed up at Baca's doorstep and tried to scrub the concrete from the bricks.

The project still faces a lawsuit filed by the NAACP and other groups worried about the construction's impact on businesses. Other legal challenges from the University of Minnesota and Minnesota Public Radio have been resolved. A judge threw out MPR's suit in November.

LESSONS LEARNED

The project office is working with Walsh to consider new approaches that would make this year's construction season smoother and lessen the burden on businesses.

One idea is to schedule the work in smaller stretches at a time. Last year, construction on University Avenue was broken into one-mile reaches.

The project is also devoting more staff to monitor pedestrian access. The office has deployed additional field engineers on the ground to help crews resolve issues on the fly.

Met Council project staff are discussing "lessons learned" with community members and project partners, officials say. Walsh is expected to start the construction season fully geared up.

In March, work shifts to eastern University Avenue, filled with small immigrant businesses that might be even more fragile to disruption.

"We know we have to be on our game," said Rovang, the project director. "We're not perfect. Our contractor will be the first to admit they're not perfect. We're trying to work to get better every day, every month."