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Robin DiAngelo's book “White Fragility,” published in 2018, has shot up bestseller lists after protests over the death of George Floyd reignited discussions about racism in America.

DiAngelo is white and regards racism as "the foundation of the society we are in." She says white people become defensive and exhibit "fragility" when challenged on their underlying and, often unconscious, racism.

White people will never be rid of their biases, DiAngelo 

, saying their necessary work "will be lifelong: really thinking deeply about what it means to be 

The Washington Post's Carlos Lozada said the book employs "

." Lozada writes that “White Fragility” views people of color as "almost entirely powerless, and the few with influence do not wield it in the service of racial justice."

Columbia University professor and linguist John McWhorter, who is Black, echoes that criticism, 

 that the book "openly infantilized Black people" and "simply dehumanized us."

He argues that for "DiAngelo, the whole point is the suffering" of white people, who are "taught that pretty much anything they say or think is racist and thus antithetical to the good."

McWhorter spoke with Morning Edition's Steve Inskeep about his criticism of the book and what he thinks is needed to change racist institutions. 

What are some examples of the way that she talks in the book and also talks in her seminars that you think miss the mark?

Well, I understand where she's coming from. I don't think she's a hustler. I know that she's sincere. But my question is, is it necessary for every good white person to walk around feeling uncomfortable about themselves as abstractly complicit in a racist system before we see political change?

And so a white person is supposed to learn that there are all sorts of things that they can't say. You can't say, "I marched in the 

," because that would make you too comfortable. You can't say, "I don't see race," because you almost certainly do. You can't say, "it's about class," because it's about race.

And she's got about 25 proscriptions that make it so that any good white person is essentially muzzled. You just have to be quiet.

If you think about human history, there have been great and wrenching changes not only in this country, but in a great many others, but especially in this one, — say, 

 about 50 years ago — without there needing to be this rather Orwellian indoctrination program. So the question is, why do we need this now?

She's trying to, you argue, fix white people's souls when in reality the place that people should look is at institutions. What are the rules for police? What are the rules for fair housing? That sort of thing.

You have said exactly what I believe. I think that what Robin DiAngelo is doing is well-intentioned, but I think ultimately, it's idle. Ultimately, the result of what she would create is a certain educated class of white person feeling better about themselves. And frankly, that's antithetical to her goal, because no matter how she wants it to go, people are going to think that they've done some kind of work. It's going to be hard to get people to truly feel as endlessly culpable as she's seeking.

And in the meantime, what's the connection between that and forging change? You can say that all of this is a prelude to changing structures. But the question will always be, why don't you just go out and change the structures? And why do you think that you couldn't until doing this?

You say this book that is dedicated to eliminating racism in white people is racist. Why do you say it's racist?

It is racist, and I don't mean that Robin DiAngelo is a racist. I'm not calling her that. But I'm saying that if you write a book that teaches that Black people's feelings must be stepped around to an exquisitely sensitive degree that hasn't been required of any human beings, you're condescending to Black people. In supposing that Black people have no resilience, you are saying that Black people are unusually weak. You're saying that we are lesser. You're saying that we, because of the circumstances of American social history, cannot be treated as adults. And in the technical sense, that's discriminatory.

I also want people to know that you're a linguist. And here we are using this word racist. What is a proper definition of racist?

Well, racism is a very confusing word these days. But when I say that “White Fragility” is a racist book, what I mean is it does not allow Black people to be full human beings, because full human beings deal with the imperfections of life. 

This is important: by the imperfections of life, I do not mean somebody stepping on your neck until you're dead. I'm not talking about actual abuse. I'm talking about the more abstract sorts of things that we're familiar with, especially over the past several decades as part of our racial landscape, where I think that the solutions are going to be more subtle than the kind of mental and spiritual straitjacketing that DiAngelo seems to think are necessary. It's an interesting proposal, but it's by no means as self-evidently wise as she implies, and that many people tragically seem to be agreeing with her about.

NPR's Victoria Whitley-Berry and Steve Mullis produced and edited the audio version of this interview.

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Columbia University professor John McWhorter says the bestselling book “White Fragility”

supposes that "Black people's feelings must be stepped around to an exquisitely sensitive degree."

Columbia University professor John McWhorter says the bestselling book “White Fragility” supposes that "Black people's feelings must be stepped around to an exquisitely sensitive degree."


Linguist John McWhorter says 'White Fragility' is condescending toward Black people

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