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Perfluorinated chemicals have been widely used for decades in firefighting foam and many household items. They are widespread in the environment and in human bodies and do not break down in the environment. 

The large class of manmade chemicals was originally developed in Minnesota by Maplewood-based 3M. 

Based on the latest human research, the Minnesota Health Department has updated the health-based values for the chemicals for the sixth time, said Environmental Surveillance and Assessment Manager Sarah Fossen Johnson. 

Some of the levels at which health risks are thought to begin were significantly lowered. 

For example, PFOA non-cancer health risk level was reduced from 34 parts per trillion to .24 parts per trillion. That level is so low it cannot be detected by current test methods. The health department is working on more sensitive testing methods.

“It’s important to note that these are calculated to protect the most sensitive populations and the most highly exposed. So generally that's going to be bottle-fed infants and children,” said Johnson. 

These state levels are intended to provide health risk guidance. They do not change current drinking water standards.  

The federal Environmental Protection Agency is expected to soon release new maximum contaminant levels (mcl) which are enforceable drinking water standards and could lead to more Minnesota cities treating water for “forever chemicals.”   

Still, Johnson expects the federal levels will be three times higher than the guidance released by the state.  

Department of Health officials consider only health risk when they set the health-based values, said Johnson, while the EPA also takes into account the economic cost of removing contaminants to meet the standards set for drinking water.

Research has found humans are very sensitive to perfluorinated chemicals, said Johnson. Some research found children exposed the chemicals had a lower immune response to vaccines. 

“So there’s a concern that there could be an immune impact. However, we do not have a direct measure of what that is. We just know that the immune system is not responding as robustly as we would like to see,” Johnson said. 

 directly contaminated by perfluorinated chemicals in the east metro. The new health risk level could cause some expansion of those efforts. 

“There may be a need to go out and mitigate, to go out and put granular activated carbon systems, as an example, on private wells,” said Tom Higgins, superfund remedial section manager at the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 

“We’ve estimated that the total costs for protecting drinking water as a potential exposure pathway based on the new federal standards that are being proposed by EPA, as well as new state health-based values may likely exceed $1 billion,” said Higgins.

Things you can do

Minnesota guidelines

Background on the story

State officials are not recommending individuals test private wells for the chemicals. Johnson said the test is very expensive and sensitive. 

The least expensive approach is to reduce exposure to the chemicals by eliminating them in as many products as possible, which is part of the state response plan, Higgins said. 

Individuals should look for ways to reduce exposure to the chemicals by avoiding or replacing items that contain perfluorinated chemicals. 

Correction (Jan. 17, 2024): The maximum contaminant levels soon to be released by the EPA will be new, not updated. The story has been revised.

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3M and PFC groundwater contamination in Minnesota

Dan Gunderson

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The Minnesota Department of Health has lowered the levels at which perfluorinated chemicals in drinking water pose a health risk. Officials said new research shows there is increased health risks from what are known as “forever chemicals.” 

Minnesota finds increased health risk from ‘forever chemicals’

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